Chapter 3

Question 1

appetitive conditioning

Answer 1

Conditioning procedure in which the US is an event that an organism approaches or seeks out.

Question 2

startle response

Answer 2

A defensive reaction to a sudden, unexpected stimulus, which involves automatic tightening of skeletal muscles and various hormonal and visceral changes.

Question 3

trace conditioning

Answer 3

Conditioning procedure in which the onset and offset of the NS precede the onset of the US.

Question 4

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 4

The response that is naturally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus without any prior learning.

Question 5

simultaneous conditioning

Answer 5

Conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS and the onset of the US are simultaneous.

Question 6

opponent-process theory

Answer 6

A theory proposing that an emotional event elicits two competing processes:

(1) an a-process (or primary process) directly elicited by the event, and
(2) a b-process (or opponent process) that is elicited by the a-process and serves to counteract the a-process.

Question 7

reflex

Answer 7

A relatively simple, involuntary response to a stimulus.

Question 8

reflex arc

Answer 8

A neural structure that underlies many reflexes and consists of a sensory neuron, an interneuron, and a motor neuron.

Question 9

orienting response

Answer 9

The automatic positioning of oneself to facilitate attending to a stimulus.

Question 10

sign stimulus (or releaser)

Answer 10

A specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern.

Question 11

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 11

A stimulus that naturally elicits a response without any prior learning.

Question 12

sensitization

Answer 12

An increase in the strength of an elicited response following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus.

Question 13

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 13

The response, often similar to the unconditioned response, that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus.

Question 14

aversive conditioning

Answer 14

Conditioning procedure in which the US is an event that an organism avoids.

Question 15

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 15

Any stimulus that, although initially neutral, comes to elicit a response because it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 16

delayed conditioning

Answer 16

Conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS precedes the onset of the US, and the two stimuli overlap.

Question 17

classical conditioning

Answer 17

A process whereby one stimulus that does not elicit a certain response is associated with a second stimulus that does; as a result, the first stimulus also comes to elicit a response.

Question 18

backward conditioning

Answer 18

Conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS follows the onset of the US.

Question 19

dishabituation

Answer 19

The reappearance of a habituated response to a stimulus following the presentation of another, seemingly irrelevant novel stimulus.

Question 20

excitatory conditioning

Answer 20

Conditioning procedure in which the NS is associated with the presentation of a US.

Question 21

fixed action pattern

Answer 21

A fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus.

Question 22

flexion response

Answer 22

The automatic response of jerking one’s hand or foot away from a hot or sharp object.

Question 23

habituation

Answer 23

A decrease in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus.

Question 24

inhibitory conditioning

Answer 24

Conditioning procedure in which the NS is associated with the absence or removal of a US.