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Intro To Learning > Chapter 1 - Historical Background > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Historical Background Flashcards

1
Q

The nativist position, as exemplified by the Greek philosopher _________, emphasizes the role of ___________.

A

Plato/Heredity

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2
Q

Morgan’s Canon

A
  • A version of the Law of Parsimony
  • States that it is preferable to interpret animal behavior in lower, more primitive terms, such as reflex or higher, rather than higher mental processes
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3
Q

Behaviorism

A

A natural science approach to psychology that focuses on the environmental influences on observable behavior

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4
Q

John B Watson

A

Behaviorism’s Founder

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5
Q

Functionalism

A

Approach to psychology that assumes the human mind evolved to help us adapt to the world and the focus of psychology should be upon those adaptive processes.

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6
Q

William James

A

Founder of Functionalism

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7
Q

Edward B. Titchener

A

Founder of Structuralism

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8
Q

Structuralism

A

Approach to psychology that assumes it is possible to determine the structure of the mind by identifying the basic elements that compose it.

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9
Q

Introspection

A

The subject in an experiment attempts to accurately describe his/her own conscious thoughts, emotions and sensory experiences

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10
Q

British Empiricists

A
  • A group of British philosophers
  • Claimed that all knowledge obtained was a function of experience
  • John Locke a proponent
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11
Q

Tabula Rasa

A

“blank slate”

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12
Q

Descartes

A
  • Proposed mind /body dualism
  • Some behaviors involuntary & reflexive
  • Some behaviors are chosen through free will
  • Gave credence to the study of animal behaviors as useful in understanding human behavior
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13
Q

The Law of Similarity

A

Similar events are readily associated with each other

ex: cars and trucks

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14
Q

The Law of Contrast

A

Opposites are readily associated

ex: short and tall

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15
Q

The Law of Contiguity

A

Events that happen in close proximity in time or space are readily associated
ex: thunder and lightning

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16
Q

The Law of Frequency

A

Supplemental to Contiguity

The more frequently events occur together, the more strongly they are associated

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17
Q

S-R Theory

A

The theory that learning involves the establishment of a connection between a specific stimulus (S) and a specific response (R).

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18
Q

Hull’s Neobehaviorism

A

A type of behaviorism that utilizes intervening variables, in the form of hypothesized PHYSIOLOGICAL processes, to help explain behavior.

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19
Q

Watson’s Methodological Behaviorism

A

A type of behaviorism which asserts that, for methodological reasons, psychologists should study only those behaviors that can be directly observed.

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20
Q

Tolman’s Cognitive Behaviorism

A

A type of behaviorism that utilizes intervening variables, in the form of hypothesized COGNITIVE processes, to help explain behavior.

21
Q

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

A

A type of behaviorism that strongly emphasizes the importance of observational learning and cognitive variables in explaining human behavior

22
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

The assumption that environmental events, observable behavior, and “person variables” (including internal thoughts and feelings) reciprocally influence each other.

23
Q

Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism

A

A type of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence of the environment on overt behavior, rejects the use of internal events to explain behavior, and views thoughts and feelings as behaviors that themselves need to be explained.

24
Q

Molar Psychologists

A

Skinner and Tolman

25
Q

S-R Psychologists

A

Watson and Hull

26
Q

countercontrol

A

The deliberate manipulation of environmental events to alter their impact on our behavior.

27
Q

Five Schools of Behaviorism

A
  • Watson’s Methodological Behaviorism
  • Hull’s Neobehaviorism
  • Tolman’s Cognitive Behaviorism
  • Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
  • Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism
28
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Reflexive Behaviors elicited in new situations

29
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Frequency of behavior related to consequences - i.e. reinforcers or punishments

30
Q

Only directly observable behaviors should be studied

A

Watson’s Methodological Behaviorism

31
Q

Internal Events - thoughts, feelings, unconscious drives, motives - excluded from study

A

Watson’s Methodological Behaviorism

32
Q

S-R Theory- Learning is the development of a connection between an environmental event (stimulus) and a specific behavior (response)

A

Watson’s Methodological Behaviorism

33
Q

Only a few fundamental reflexes are inherited, along with three emotions; love, rage, and fear

A

Watson’s Methodological Behaviorism

34
Q

Environmental Event —-> Observable Behavior

A

Watson’s Methodological Behaviorism

35
Q

Operationalized internal events can mediate btwn the environment and behavior

A

Hull’s Neobehaviorism

36
Q

Intervening Variables- hypothesized physiological processes, like hunger, help explain the relationship btwn the environment and behavior

A

Hull’s Neobehaviorism

37
Q

S-R theory: Learning consists of the establishment of connections btwn specific stimuli and specific responses

A

Hull’s Neobehaviorism

38
Q 
Environmental Event
---->
Internal Events (Intervening Variables)
---->
Observable Behavior
A

Hull’s Neobehaviorism

39
Q

Molar Theory: Behavior is directed toward an overall goal

A

Tolman’s Cognitive Behaviorism

40
Q

Intervening Variables- internal cognitive processes, like expectations and hypotheses, help explain the relationship btwn the environment and behavior

A

Tolman’s Cognitive Behaviorism

41
Q

Latent Learning: learning occurs even without observable indications

A

Tolman’s Cognitive Behaviorism

42
Q 
Environmental Event
---->
Internal Events (Intervening Variables)
---->
Observable Behavior
A

Tolman’s Cognitive Behaviorism

43
Q

Molar Theory: Behavior includes internal processes as actual events

A

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

44
Q

Reciprocal Determinism: Observable behavior, environmental events, and internal events interact

A

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

45
Q

Led to the development of cognitive-behavior therapy (altering both environmental variables and cognitive processes)

A

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

46
Q

Observable Behavior

Environmental Events

Internal Events
(Person Variables)

A

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

47
Q

Emphasizes the influence of the environment on observable (overt) behavior, rejects the use of internal events to explain behavior, and views thoughts and feelings as behaviors that need explaining

A

Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism

48
Q

Internal events sre covert behaviors, observable behaviors are overt; both explained as the learning product of a past experience (environmental consequences)

A

Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism

49
Q

Environmental Events
\ /
Observable Behavior
Internal Behaviors

A

Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism

Intro To Learning (10 decks)

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