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Biol 2401 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Developed cell theory

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2
Q

Sex cells

A

Aka germ cells

Reproductive cells: male sperm or female oocyte

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3
Q

Somatic cells

A

All body cells except sex cells

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4
Q

Centrosomes

A

Made up of two centrioles
Unique to animal cells
Functions:
Essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division
Organization of micro tubules in cytoskeleton

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5
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Proteins organized in fine filaments or slender tubes
Function:
Give structure and support
Give movement of cellular structures and materials

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6
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, protein, and carbohydrates
Separates cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid

Function:
Isolation: barrier
Protection
Sensitivity: extracellular fluid composition ; chemical signals
Support: anchors cells and tissues
Controls entry and exit of material: ions and nutrients enter; wastes eliminated and cellular products released

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7
Q

Microvilli

A

Extension of plasma membrane containing micro filaments
Function:
Increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials

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8
Q

Cilia

A

Long extensions of the plasma membrane containing microtubules. (Fallopian tube, ear)
Function of Two types:
primary: acts as a sensor
motile: move materials over cell surfaces

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9
Q

Proteasomes

A

Hollow cylinders of proteolytic enzymes with regulatory proteins at their ends
Contain enzymes (proteases)
Function:
Breakdown and recycle damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins

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10
Q

Ribosomes

A

Types:
RNA+ proteins
Fixed ribosomes bound to rough ER: manufacture proteins for cell
free ribosomes scattered in cytoplasm: manufacture proteins for secretion
Function:
Protein synthesis

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11
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Stacks of flattened membranes (cistern are) containing chambers
Function:
Storage
Alteration and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes

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12
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double membrane where cellular respiration occurs.
Inner membrane fold enclosing important metabolic enzymes
Function:
Produce 95% of the ATP required by the cell

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13
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Network of membranous channels extending throughout the cytoplasm
Cisternae: storage chambers within membranes
Function:
Synthesis of secretory products
Intracellular storage and transport
Detoxification of drugs of toxins

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14
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Vesicles containing degradative enzymes
Function:
Catabolism of fats and other organic compounds
Neutralization of toxic compounds generated in the process

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15
Q

Lysosomes

A

Vesicles containing digestive enzymes
Function:
Intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens

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16
Q

Nucleus

A

Nucleoplasm containing nucleotides, enzymes, nucleoproteins and chromatin.
Surrounded by a double membrane, the nuclear envelope
Function:
Control of metabolism
Storage and processing of genetic information
Control of protein synthesis

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16
Q

Membrane lipids

A

Ions, water, and other water soluble things, charged things can’t pass through bilayer.
Non charged like O2 and CO2 can pass through bilayer.
Phospholipid bilayer
- hydrophilic heads: toward watery environment, both sides
- hydrophobic fatty acid tails: inside membrane
- barrier to ions and water: soluble compounds

17
Q

Integral proteins

A

Within the membrane (spans the width of the membrane)

Hydrophobic

18
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Bound to inner or outer surface of the membrane.

Need qualities that will make it interact with H2O (hydrophilic)

19
Q

Anchoring proteins

A

Stabilizers

Attach to inside or outside structures

20
Q

Recognition proteins

A

Identifiers
Label cells as normal or abnormal
Don’t have a channel but detect things

21
Q

Enzymes

A

Catalyze chemical reactions

22
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Bind and respond to ligand so (ions, hormones)

23
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Transport specific solutes through membrane

24
Q

Channels

A

Regulate water flow and solutes through membrane

25
Q

Membrane carbohydrates

A

Proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids
Extend outside the cell membrane
Form sticky “sugar coating” called glycocalyx

26
Q

glycocalyx

A

Lubrication and protection
Anchoring and locomotion
Specificity in binding (receptors)
Recognition (immune response)

27
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All materials inside the cell and outside the nucleus
Cytoplasm:
- dissolved materials (nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste products)
- high potassium/low sodium
- high protein
- high carbohydrate/low amino acid and fat

Organelles: structures with specific functions

28
Q

Organelles

A

Non membranous organelles
- no membrane
- direct contact with cytosine
Include: cytoskeleton, Microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes, and Proteasomes

Membranous organelles
- covered with plasma membrane
- isolated from cytoskeleton
Include: ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria

29
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Structural proteins for shape and strength
Micro filaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

30
Q

Microfilaments

A

Thin filaments composed of the protein actin
Provide additional mechanical strength
Interact with proteins for consistency
Pair with thick filaments of myosin for muscle movement

31
Q

Intermediate filaments

A 
Mid sized between Microfilaments and thick filaments
Durable (collagen)
Strengthen cell and maintain shape
Stabilize organelles
Stabilize cell position
32
Q

Microtubules

A

Large, hollow tubes of tubular protein
Attach to centrosome (during cell division)
Strengthen cell and anchor organelles
Change cell shape
Move vesicles within cell (kinesin and dynein)
Form spindle apparatus

33
Q

Myosin

A

Allows shortening of muscle

In thick filaments

34
Q

Autolysis

A

Self destruction of damaged cells

35
Q

Chromatin

A

Loosely coiled DNA (cells not dividing)

36
Q

Chromosomes

A

Tightly coiled DNA (cells dividing)

37
Q

Isotonic

A

Solution that doe not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell

38
Q

Hypotonic

A

Has less solutes and loses water through osmosis

39
Q

Hypertonic

A

Has more solutes and gains water by osmosis

Biol 2401 (3 decks)

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