Chapter 3

Question 1

Robert Hooke

Answer 1

Developed cell theory

Question 2

Sex cells

Answer 2

Aka germ cells

Reproductive cells: male sperm or female oocyte

Question 3

Somatic cells

Answer 3

All body cells except sex cells

Question 4

Centrosomes

Answer 4

Made up of two centrioles
Unique to animal cells
Functions:
Essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division
Organization of micro tubules in cytoskeleton

Question 5

Cytoskeleton

Answer 5

Proteins organized in fine filaments or slender tubes
Function:
Give structure and support
Give movement of cellular structures and materials

Question 6

Plasma Membrane

Answer 6

Lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, protein, and carbohydrates
Separates cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid

Function:
Isolation: barrier
Protection
Sensitivity: extracellular fluid composition ; chemical signals
Support: anchors cells and tissues
Controls entry and exit of material: ions and nutrients enter; wastes eliminated and cellular products released

Question 7

Microvilli

Answer 7

Extension of plasma membrane containing micro filaments
Function:
Increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials

Question 8

Cilia

Answer 8

Long extensions of the plasma membrane containing microtubules. (Fallopian tube, ear)
Function of Two types:
primary: acts as a sensor
motile: move materials over cell surfaces

Question 9

Proteasomes

Answer 9

Hollow cylinders of proteolytic enzymes with regulatory proteins at their ends
Contain enzymes (proteases)
Function:
Breakdown and recycle damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins

Question 10

Ribosomes

Answer 10

Types:
RNA+ proteins
Fixed ribosomes bound to rough ER: manufacture proteins for cell
free ribosomes scattered in cytoplasm: manufacture proteins for secretion
Function:
Protein synthesis

Question 11

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 11

Stacks of flattened membranes (cistern are) containing chambers
Function:
Storage
Alteration and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes

Question 12

Mitochondria

Answer 12

Double membrane where cellular respiration occurs.
Inner membrane fold enclosing important metabolic enzymes
Function:
Produce 95% of the ATP required by the cell

Question 13

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 13

Network of membranous channels extending throughout the cytoplasm
Cisternae: storage chambers within membranes
Function:
Synthesis of secretory products
Intracellular storage and transport
Detoxification of drugs of toxins

Question 14

Peroxisomes

Answer 14

Vesicles containing degradative enzymes
Function:
Catabolism of fats and other organic compounds
Neutralization of toxic compounds generated in the process

Question 15

Lysosomes

Answer 15

Vesicles containing digestive enzymes
Function:
Intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens

Question 16

Nucleus

Answer 16

Nucleoplasm containing nucleotides, enzymes, nucleoproteins and chromatin.
Surrounded by a double membrane, the nuclear envelope
Function:
Control of metabolism
Storage and processing of genetic information
Control of protein synthesis

Question 16

Membrane lipids

Answer 16

Ions, water, and other water soluble things, charged things can’t pass through bilayer.
Non charged like O2 and CO2 can pass through bilayer.
Phospholipid bilayer
- hydrophilic heads: toward watery environment, both sides
- hydrophobic fatty acid tails: inside membrane
- barrier to ions and water: soluble compounds

Question 17

Integral proteins

Answer 17

Within the membrane (spans the width of the membrane)

Hydrophobic

Question 18

Peripheral proteins

Answer 18

Bound to inner or outer surface of the membrane.

Need qualities that will make it interact with H2O (hydrophilic)

Question 19

Anchoring proteins

Answer 19

Stabilizers

Attach to inside or outside structures

Question 20

Recognition proteins

Answer 20

Identifiers
Label cells as normal or abnormal
Don’t have a channel but detect things

Question 21

Enzymes

Answer 21

Catalyze chemical reactions

Question 22

Receptor proteins

Answer 22

Bind and respond to ligand so (ions, hormones)

Question 23

Carrier proteins

Answer 23

Transport specific solutes through membrane

Question 24

Channels

Answer 24

Regulate water flow and solutes through membrane

Question 25

Membrane carbohydrates

Answer 25

Proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids Extend outside the cell membrane Form sticky "sugar coating" called glycocalyx

Question 26

glycocalyx

Answer 26

Lubrication and protection Anchoring and locomotion Specificity in binding (receptors) Recognition (immune response)

Question 27

Cytoplasm

Answer 27

All materials inside the cell and outside the nucleus Cytoplasm: - dissolved materials (nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste products) - high potassium/low sodium - high protein - high carbohydrate/low amino acid and fat Organelles: structures with specific functions

Question 28

Organelles

Answer 28

Non membranous organelles - no membrane - direct contact with cytosine Include: cytoskeleton, Microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes, and Proteasomes Membranous organelles - covered with plasma membrane - isolated from cytoskeleton Include: ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria

Question 29

Cytoskeleton

Answer 29

Structural proteins for shape and strength Micro filaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules

Question 30

Microfilaments

Answer 30

Thin filaments composed of the protein actin Provide additional mechanical strength Interact with proteins for consistency Pair with thick filaments of myosin for muscle movement

Question 31

Intermediate filaments

Answer 31

``` Mid sized between Microfilaments and thick filaments Durable (collagen) Strengthen cell and maintain shape Stabilize organelles Stabilize cell position ```

Question 32

Microtubules

Answer 32

Large, hollow tubes of tubular protein Attach to centrosome (during cell division) Strengthen cell and anchor organelles Change cell shape Move vesicles within cell (kinesin and dynein) Form spindle apparatus

Question 33

Myosin

Answer 33

Allows shortening of muscle | In thick filaments

Question 34

Autolysis

Answer 34

Self destruction of damaged cells

Question 35

Chromatin

Answer 35

Loosely coiled DNA (cells not dividing)

Question 36

Chromosomes

Answer 36

Tightly coiled DNA (cells dividing)

Question 37

Isotonic

Answer 37

Solution that doe not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell

Question 38

Hypotonic

Answer 38

Has less solutes and loses water through osmosis

Question 39

Hypertonic

Answer 39

Has more solutes and gains water by osmosis