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Biol 2401 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Atomic number

A

proton number

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2
Q

Atomic mass

A

Protons and neutrons

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3
Q

Neutrons

A

No charge

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4
Q

Electrons

A

Negative charge

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5
Q

Proton

A

Positive charge

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6
Q

Isotopes

A

Elements with same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

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7
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest stable unit of matter

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8
Q

Matter

A

Has mass and takes up space

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9
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy resulting from position or structure

- conversion isn’t 100% efficient, resulting in release of heat

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10
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of movement

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11
Q

Molecule

A

Chemical structure consisting of molecules held together by covalent bonds

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12
Q

Compound

A

Chemical substance composed of atoms of two or more elements

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13
Q

Three types of bonds:

A

Ionic
Covalent
Hydrogen

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14
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Attraction between positive cations and negative anions

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15
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Strongest bond

Sharing of e-

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16
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Weakest bond

Polar covalent bonds that occur when hydrogen covalently bonds with another element.

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17
Q

Three types of covalent bonds:

A

Double covalent bond
Non polar bond
Polar covalent bond

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18
Q

Molecules sharing two electrons with each other

A

Double covalent bond

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19
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

A bond with unequal sharing of electrons

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20
Q

Non polar covalent bond

A

Bond with equal sharing of electrons
Doesn’t have polarity and cannot form attractive forces.
Lack of charges (partial + and partial -)

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21
Q

Molecular weight

A

Sum of the atomic weights of the component atoms

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22
Q

Chemical reactions

A

Occurs when reactants combine to generate on or more products.
All chemical reactions in the body constitutes metabolism

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23
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all reactions

Chemical reaction that provides for the capture, storage, and release of energy.

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24
Q

Work

A

Movement of an object or change in its physical structure

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25
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to perform work

Heat isn’t good for metabolic processes

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26
Q

Three types of reactions:

A

Decomposition (catabolic)
Synthesis (anabolic)
Exchange

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27
Q

Catabolic

A

Energy releasing

28
Q

Anabolic

A

Energy releasing

29
Q

Activation energy

A

Amount of energy needed to begin a reaction

30
Q

Enzymes

A
  • Catalysts
  • reduce energy of activation without being permanently changed or used up
  • promote chemical reactions
31
Q

Nutrients

A

Essential chemical compounds obtained from the diet

32
Q

Metabolites

A

Molecules synthesized or broken down inside the body

What you make from breaking down the nutrients.

33
Q

Organic compounds

A

Have carbon and hydrogen as their primary structural component

34
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Not primarily carbon and hydrogen

35
Q

Solution

A

Uniform mixture of two or more substances

36
Q

Solvent

A

Medium in which molecules of solute are dispersed

37
Q

Aqueous solutions

A

Water is the solvent

38
Q

Solute

A

Thing that disappears into the solvent

39
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Compounds that interact readily with water (bc of hydrogen bonding)
Ex. Salt, cotton, sugar

40
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Compounds that do not interact with water

41
Q

pH

A

Measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions solution
Three levels:
Neutral, acidic, basic

42
Q

Acids

A

Have extra H+ ions (hydrogen ions)

Release hydrogen ions into solution

43
Q

Basic

A

Have extra hydroxide ion concentration (OH-)
Remove hydrogen ions from solution

Soapy feeling and bitter tasting

44
Q

Stopping acids and bases

A

Ionize completely

45
Q

Weak acids and bases

A

do not ionize

46
Q

Buffers

A

Remove or replace hydrogen ions in solution.

Maintains pH of body fluids.

47
Q

Salts

A

Electrolyte whose cation is not hydrogen and whose anion is not hydroxide

48
Q

Organic compounds include:

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
And sometimes oxygen

49
Q

Four major classes of macro molecules (Organic compounds):

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids (high energy compounds are also organic compounds)

50
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • Energy source for metabolism
  • different levels at which these compounds come together:
    - monosaccharides
    - disaccharides
    - polysaccharides
51
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Produces disaccharides and polysaccharides from monosaccharides

52
Q

Six types of Lipids

A
  • fatty acids
  • eicosanoids
  • glycerides
  • steroids
  • phospholipids: gives us structure
  • glycolysis - lipids with sugars attached
53
Q

Fatty acids

A

Saturated: single covalent bonds. Straight chain with hydrogen sulfide on every connecting point of carbon. Less healthy
Unsaturated: has double covalent bonds. Don’t form straight chains, healthier

54
Q

Trigoycerides

A

Three fatty acids attached by dehydration synthesis to one molecule of glycerol

55
Q

Steroids

A
  • involved in cell membrane structure
  • important in lipid digestion
  • include sex hormones
56
Q

Six types of Proteins:

A
  • structural: actin
  • contractile: myosin
  • transport: form channels to bring things in and out of cells
  • enzymes:
  • buffering: moderate pH ; hemoglobin (moderate pH of blood) ; albumin (dissolved in blood to help moderate pH. Binds hydrogen and hydroxide ions and keeps oH steady)
  • antibodies: protein pieces that bind to pieces that are not part of you
57
Q

Proteins are:

A

chains of amino acids
- if proteins are pushed outside of optimal temperature and pH range they become temporarily or permanently denatured and will cease to function

58
Q

Amino acids

A

Contain an amino group, a carboxyl group and a radical group

-polypeptides

59
Q

Polypeptides

A

Linear sequence of amino acids

Held together by peptide bonds

60
Q

Four levels of protein structure:

A
  • primary structure: amino acid sequence (linear chain of amino acids)
  • secondary structure: amino acid interactions (weak bonds) (alpha-helix or pleated sheets)
  • tertiary structure: complex foldings (ionic, covalent, hydrogen bonding)
  • quaternary structure : protein complexes
61
Q

Enzymes

A
  • reactants (substrate) interact to yield a product by binding to the active site of the enzyme
  • cofactors must bond to the enzyme before substrate binding can occur (usually minerals or vitamins
  • coenzymes are organic cofactors commonly derived from vitamins
62
Q

Nucleic acids

A
  • chains of nucleotides
  • store and process information at molecular level inside cells
  • made of purine and pyramid investment
  • DNA (double stranded) and RNA (single stranded)
63
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

- larger molecules

64
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil
-smaller molecules

65
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

Made by adding a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
Process referred to as phosphorylation.

Biol 2401 (3 decks)

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