Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biol 2401 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Atomic number

A

proton number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Atomic mass

A

Protons and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Neutrons

A

No charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Electrons

A

Negative charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Proton

A

Positive charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Isotopes

A

Elements with same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest stable unit of matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Matter

A

Has mass and takes up space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy resulting from position or structure

- conversion isn’t 100% efficient, resulting in release of heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Molecule

A

Chemical structure consisting of molecules held together by covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Compound

A

Chemical substance composed of atoms of two or more elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Three types of bonds:

A

Ionic
Covalent
Hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Attraction between positive cations and negative anions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Strongest bond

Sharing of e-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Weakest bond

Polar covalent bonds that occur when hydrogen covalently bonds with another element.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Three types of covalent bonds:

A

Double covalent bond
Non polar bond
Polar covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Molecules sharing two electrons with each other

A

Double covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

A bond with unequal sharing of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Non polar covalent bond

A

Bond with equal sharing of electrons
Doesn’t have polarity and cannot form attractive forces.
Lack of charges (partial + and partial -)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Molecular weight

A

Sum of the atomic weights of the component atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Chemical reactions

A

Occurs when reactants combine to generate on or more products.
All chemical reactions in the body constitutes metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all reactions

Chemical reaction that provides for the capture, storage, and release of energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Work

A

Movement of an object or change in its physical structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Energy
The capacity to perform work | Heat isn't good for metabolic processes
26
Three types of reactions:
Decomposition (catabolic) Synthesis (anabolic) Exchange
27
Catabolic
Energy releasing
28
Anabolic
Energy releasing
29
Activation energy
Amount of energy needed to begin a reaction
30
Enzymes
- Catalysts - reduce energy of activation without being permanently changed or used up - promote chemical reactions
31
Nutrients
Essential chemical compounds obtained from the diet
32
Metabolites
Molecules synthesized or broken down inside the body | What you make from breaking down the nutrients.
33
Organic compounds
Have carbon and hydrogen as their primary structural component
34
Inorganic compounds
Not primarily carbon and hydrogen
35
Solution
Uniform mixture of two or more substances
36
Solvent
Medium in which molecules of solute are dispersed
37
Aqueous solutions
Water is the solvent
38
Solute
Thing that disappears into the solvent
39
Hydrophilic
Compounds that interact readily with water (bc of hydrogen bonding) Ex. Salt, cotton, sugar
40
Hydrophobic
Compounds that do not interact with water
41
pH
Measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions solution Three levels: Neutral, acidic, basic
42
Acids
Have extra H+ ions (hydrogen ions) | Release hydrogen ions into solution
43
Basic
Have extra hydroxide ion concentration (OH-) Remove hydrogen ions from solution Soapy feeling and bitter tasting
44
Stopping acids and bases
Ionize completely
45
Weak acids and bases
do not ionize
46
Buffers
Remove or replace hydrogen ions in solution. | Maintains pH of body fluids.
47
Salts
Electrolyte whose cation is not hydrogen and whose anion is not hydroxide
48
Organic compounds include:
Carbon Hydrogen And sometimes oxygen
49
Four major classes of macro molecules (Organic compounds):
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids (high energy compounds are also organic compounds)
50
Carbohydrates
- Energy source for metabolism - different levels at which these compounds come together: - monosaccharides - disaccharides - polysaccharides
51
Dehydration synthesis
Produces disaccharides and polysaccharides from monosaccharides
52
Six types of Lipids
- fatty acids - eicosanoids - glycerides - steroids - phospholipids: gives us structure - glycolysis - lipids with sugars attached
53
Fatty acids
Saturated: single covalent bonds. Straight chain with hydrogen sulfide on every connecting point of carbon. Less healthy Unsaturated: has double covalent bonds. Don't form straight chains, healthier
54
Trigoycerides
Three fatty acids attached by dehydration synthesis to one molecule of glycerol
55
Steroids
- involved in cell membrane structure - important in lipid digestion - include sex hormones
56
Six types of Proteins:
- structural: actin - contractile: myosin - transport: form channels to bring things in and out of cells - enzymes: - buffering: moderate pH ; hemoglobin (moderate pH of blood) ; albumin (dissolved in blood to help moderate pH. Binds hydrogen and hydroxide ions and keeps oH steady) - antibodies: protein pieces that bind to pieces that are not part of you
57
Proteins are:
chains of amino acids - if proteins are pushed outside of optimal temperature and pH range they become temporarily or permanently denatured and will cease to function
58
Amino acids
Contain an amino group, a carboxyl group and a radical group | -polypeptides
59
Polypeptides
Linear sequence of amino acids | Held together by peptide bonds
60
Four levels of protein structure:
- primary structure: amino acid sequence (linear chain of amino acids) - secondary structure: amino acid interactions (weak bonds) (alpha-helix or pleated sheets) - tertiary structure: complex foldings (ionic, covalent, hydrogen bonding) - quaternary structure : protein complexes
61
Enzymes
- reactants (substrate) interact to yield a product by binding to the active site of the enzyme - cofactors must bond to the enzyme before substrate binding can occur (usually minerals or vitamins - coenzymes are organic cofactors commonly derived from vitamins
62
Nucleic acids
- chains of nucleotides - store and process information at molecular level inside cells - made of purine and pyramid investment - DNA (double stranded) and RNA (single stranded)
63
Purines
Adenine and Guanine | - larger molecules
64
Pyrimidines
Cytosine Thymine Uracil -smaller molecules
65
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Made by adding a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Process referred to as phosphorylation.

Biol 2401 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions