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Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter 3 & 4 — Cellular Form and Function/Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 3 & 4 — Cellular Form and Function/Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

development of the cell theory

A

robert hooke = naming cells in 17th century
theodor schwann = all animals are made of cells in 19th century
louis pasteur = cells only arise from other cells in 1859

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2
Q

sex cells contain __ chromosomes

A

23

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3
Q

somatic cells contain __ chromosomes

A

46

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4
Q

__ are the simplest structural and functional unit of life

A

cells

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5
Q

there are about __ types of cells in the human body with varied __

A

200; shapes

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6
Q

most cells are __-__ micrometers in diameter

A

10-15

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7
Q

types of microscopes

A

light = used in lab
transmission electron = surface features
scanning electron = 3d

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8
Q

the plasma (cell) membrane is…

A

an oily film of lipids with diverse proteins embedded

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9
Q

plasma (cell) membrane functions

A

defines cell boundaries
governs interactions with other cells
controls passage of materials in and out of cell**

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10
Q

plasma (cell) membrane composition

A

lipids (phospholipid bilayer)**
proteins
carbohydrates

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11
Q

__% of cell membrane molecules are lipids

  • __% phospholipids
  • __% cholesterol
  • __% glycolipids
A

98%

  • 75%
  • 20%
  • 5%
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12
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

hydrophilic head face water on each side
hydrophobic tails are in the center to repel water back into the cell
drift laterally to keep membrane fluid

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13
Q

membrane cholesterol

A

holds phospholipids still and can stiffen membrane

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14
Q

membrane glycolipids are…

A

phospholipids with short carbohydrate chains on the extracellular face

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15
Q

membrane proteins are __% of the molecules but __% of the weight of the membrane

A

2; 50

*this means they are big

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16
Q

integral (transmembrane) proteins are…

A

able to pass completely through the cell membrane and can drift freely in the phospholipid film; most are glycoproteins

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17
Q

peripheral proteins are…

A

bound to the membrane surface either inside or outside and are anchored to the cytoskeleton

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18
Q

list membrane protein functions

A 
receptors
enzyme
ion channel
gated ion channel
cell-identity marker
cell-adhesion molecule
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19
Q

membrane channel proteins are __ proteins with pores that allow __ and __ to pass through the membrane

A

transmembrane; hydrophilic solutes; water

20
Q

ligand-gated channel proteins respond to __ to open

A

chemical messengers

21
Q

voltage-gated channel proteins respond to __ to open

A

charge changes

22
Q

mechanically-gated channel proteins respond to __ to open

A

physical stress on the cell

23
Q

membrane channel proteins are important in __ and __

A

nerve signal; muscle contraction

24
Q

microvilli are…

A

stationary extensions of the membrane

25
Q

the function of microvilli is…

A

to increase the surface area exposed to the extracellular environment; best developed in specialized cells for absorption

26
Q

cilia are…

A

motile hairlike processes

27
Q

the function of cilia is…

A

to move material across cell surface; they beat in waves of power strokes followed by recovery strokes

have sensory functions in the inner ear, retina, and nasal cavity

28
Q

__, __ cilium found on nearly every cell

A

single, nonmotile

29
Q

flagella are…

A

whiplike structures with axonemes identical to cilium, though they are much longer than cilium

30
Q

the function of flagella is…

A

to move the cell

31
Q

the only functional flagellum are on __

A

sperm cells

32
Q

permeability

A

the ease with which dissolved materials can cross a membrane

33
Q

the plasma membrane is __ __– allowing some things through, but preventing others from passing

A

selectively permeable

34
Q

__ transport requires no ATP

A

passive

*molecules bounce off each other until spread out almost evenly

35
Q

__ transport requires ATP

A

active

36
Q

passive transport

A
  • movement down the concentration gradient (high –> low)

- filtration, simple diffusion, and osmosis

37
Q

active transport

A
  • movement against the concentration gradient

- vesicular transport

38
Q

filtration

A
  • passive transport
  • the process in which particles are driven through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure (force exerted on a membrane by water)
  • molecules that are small enough will go through, but won’t if too big
39
Q

simple diffusion

A
  • passive transport
  • movement of particles from an area of high concentration to area of low concentration due to their constant, random motion (bouncing off each other
  • down the concentration gradient
40
Q

there are two ways an ion or molecule can cross the cell membrane: diffusion through __ or diffusion through __

A

lipid bilayer
- nonpolar, hydrophobic substances diffuse through lipid layer
channel proteins
- water and charged hydrophilic solutes diffuse through channel proteins

41
Q

osmosis

A
  • passive transport
  • diffusion of water through a membrane from an area of more water to an area of less water
  • the more solutes/particles, the less water because they take up more space
42
Q

tonicity

A

ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure within a cell; depends on the concentration and permeability of the solute

43
Q

hypotonic solutions

A
  • solute concentration less than that of the cell cytoplasm
  • high water concentration
  • cells absorb the water, swell, and may burst (hemolysis)
44
Q

hypertonic solutions

A
  • solute concentration greater than that of the cell cytoplasm
  • low water concentration
  • cells lose water and shrivel (crenation)
45
Q

aquaporins

A

channel proteins specialized for passage of water

46
Q

isotonic solution

A
  • equal solutes and water

- normal saline

Anatomy & Physiology I (4 decks)

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