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Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter 2 — Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2 — Chemistry of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Introduction

biochemistry

A

the study of the molecules that compose living organisms

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2
Q

Introduction

biochemistry is useful for understanding…

A

cellular structures, basic physiology, nutrition, and health

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3
Q

Introduction

4 types of macromolecules

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

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4
Q

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

element

A

simplest form of matter with unique chemical properties

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5
Q

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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6
Q

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

the periodic table is arranged by…

A

atomic number

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7
Q

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

__ elements have a biological role

A

24

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8
Q

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

name the 6 elements that makeup 98.5% of body weight

A 
oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
calcium
phosphorus
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9
Q

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

nucleus

A

center of an atom; contains protons and neutrons

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10
Q

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

electron shells

A

surround the nucleus

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11
Q

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

protons

A

positive charge (+)

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12
Q

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

neutrons

A

no charge (neutral)

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13
Q

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

electrons

A

negative charge (-)

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14
Q

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

__ determine the chemical properties of an atom

A

electrons

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15
Q

the atom is electrically neutral because…

A

the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons

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16
Q

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

electrons occupy an orderly series of __

A

electron shells (energy levels)

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17
Q

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

the 1st electron shell holds __ electrons, the 2nd holds __, and the 3rd holds __

A

2; 8; 8

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18
Q

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

an atom with a full outer energy level is __/__ and referred to as a __

A

very stable/unreactive; inert/noble gas

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19
Q

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

examples of noble gases

A

helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar)

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20
Q

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

atoms with unfilled outer energy levels are relatively __/__

A

unstable/reactive

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21
Q

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

unstable atoms __ bond with other atoms

A

will

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22
Q

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

stable atoms __ bond with other atoms

A

will not

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23
Q

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

unstable atoms can achieve stability by…

A

sharing, gaining, or losing electrons

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24
Q

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

valance electrons

A

located in the outermost shell; interact with other atoms; determine the chemical bonding properties of an atom

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25
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules atomic mass = __ + __
protons + neutrons
26
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules isotope
atom with a different number of protons and neutrons
27
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules isotopes of an element exhibit the same __ behavior, but differ in __ behavior because...
chemical; physical; extra neutrons increase the atomic weight but do not change the charge because they are neutral
28
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules many isotopes are unstable and decay to more stable isotopes by...
giving off radiation
29
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules radioisotopes
unstable isotopes that give off radiation
30
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules every element has at least one __
radioisotope
31
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules radioactivity
radioisotopes decay to stable isotopes by releasing radiation
32
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules we are all mildly __
radioactive
33
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules madame curie
- first woman to receive nobel prize (1903) - first woman in world to receive a ph.d. - coined term radioactivity - discovered radioactivity of polonium and radium - trained physicians in use of x-rays and pioneered radiation therapy as cancer treatment - died of radiation poisoning at age 67
34
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules ions
charged particles with an unequal number of protons and electrons
35
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules ionization
transfer of electrons from one atom to another, which increases the stability of the valence shell
36
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules anion
atom that gained electrons and has a net negative charge
37
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules cation
atom that lost electrons and has a net positive charge
38
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules ions with __ charges are attracted to each other
opposite
39
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules electrolytes are important for...
- chemical reactivity - osmotic effects (influence water movement) - electrical effects on nerve and muscle tissue
40
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules __ is one of the most important considerations in patient care
electrolyte balance
41
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules possible effects of electrolyte imbalance
muscle cramps, brittle bones, coma, cardiac arrest
42
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules free radicals
unstable chemical particles with an odd number of electrons that can damage cells, causing illness and aging
43
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules free radicals are produced by...
normal metabolic reactions, radiation, and chemicals
44
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules antioxidants __ free radicals and are present in our diet in things such as...
neutralize; selenium, vitamin e, vitamin c, and carotenoids
45
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules molecule
two or more atoms held together by a chemical bond; example: N2
46
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules compound
molecules composed of two or more different elements; example: CO2
47
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules molecular formula
shows elements and how many atoms of each are present; example: C2H6O
48
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules structural formula
shows the location of each atom and reveals structural isomers; example: ``` H | H - C - H | H ```
49
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules isomer
molecules with identical molecular formulae but different arrangement of their atoms (structural formula); example: ethanol and ethyl ether
50
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules chemical bonds
forces that hold molecules together, or attract one molecule to another
51
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 3 types of chemical bonds
hydrogen (weakest) ionic covalent (strongest)
52
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules ionic bond
the attraction of oppositely charged ions; an electron is donated by one and received by the other; example: sodium chloride
53
ionic bonds are __ because...
weak; easily dissociate in water
54
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules covalent bond
formed by sharing of valence electrons
55
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules types of covalent bonds
single double nonpolar polar
56
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules single covalent bond
one pair of electrons are shared; example: H2
57
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules double covalent bond
two pairs of electrons are shared; example: CO2
58
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules nonpolar covalent bond
electrons are shared equally between two atoms; strongest of all bonds
59
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules polar covalent bond
electrons are shared unequally between atoms
60
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules hydrogen bond
a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another
61
# Atoms, Ions, and Molecules hydrogen bonds occur in...
water molecules, DNA, proteins
62
# Energy and Chemical Reactions energy
capacity to do work
63
# Energy and Chemical Reactions work
to move something; all body activities are a form of work
64
# Energy and Chemical Reactions potential energy
stored energy; not doing work at the time; example: water behind a dam
65
# Energy and Chemical Reactions chemical energy
potential energy stored in the molecular bonds
66
# Energy and Chemical Reactions kinetic energy
the energy of motion; actively doing work; example: moving water flowing through a dam
67
# Energy and Chemical Reactions heat
kinetic energy of molecular motion
68
# Energy and Chemical Reactions chemical reaction
a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken
69
# Energy and Chemical Reactions chemical equation
symbolizes the course of a chemical reaction; reactants --> products
70
# Energy and Chemical Reactions classes of chemical reactions
decomposition reactions synthesis reactions exchange reactions
71
# Energy and Chemical Reactions decomposition reactions
large molecules broken down into smaller ones; AB --> A + B; example: carbohydrate metabolism (starch molecule broken into individual glucose molecules)
72
# Energy and Chemical Reactions during decomposition reactions, a chemical bond is __ and energy is __, which is called a __ reaction
broken; released; exergonic | *our cells use this energy
73
# Energy and Chemical Reactions synthesis reactions
two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one; A + B --> AB; example: protein synthesis (amino acids form a protein molecule)
74
# Energy and Chemical Reactions synthesis reactions need __ to form their bonds and are therefore called __ reactions
energy; endergonic
75
# Energy and Chemical Reactions exchange reactions
two molecules exchange atoms or a group of atoms; AB + CD --> ABCD --> AC + BD *molecules cannot be lost, only rearranged
76
# Energy and Chemical Reactions reversible reactions
can go in either direction; CO2 + H20 <=> H2CO3 <=> HCO3- + H+
77
# Energy and Chemical Reactions during oxidation, the molecule __ and __ energy the molecule becomes __ in this process the accepting molecule is the __, and is often __
gives up electrons; releases oxidized oxidizing agent; oxygen
78
# Energy and Chemical Reactions during reduction, the molecule __ and __ the molecule is __ when it accepts electrons the donating molecule is the __
gains electrons and energy reduced reducing agent
79
# Energy and Chemical Reactions during redox reactions, electrons are often transferred as __ atoms; each atom is equal to one __
hydrogen; electron
80
# Energy and Chemical Reactions catabolism
the sum of all decomposition reactions in the body; exergonic
81
# Energy and Chemical Reactions anabolism
the sum of all synthesis reactions in the body; endergonic
82
# Inorganic Compounds inorganic compound
does not contain carbon and hydrogen as their primary structural ingredients
83
# Inorganic Compounds list the four inorganic compounds
water acids bases salt
84
acid
a solute that dissociated to release hydrogen ions and shift pH toward acidity
85
# Inorganic Compounds base
a solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution shifting the pH to basic or alkaline
86
# Inorganic Compounds salt
reaction of an acid with a base
87
# Inorganic Compounds a mixture consists of substances that are __ blended but not __ combined
physically; chemically
88
# Inorganic Compounds our body fluids are complex mixtures of __ and __
chemicals; water
89
# Inorganic Compounds water is __-__% of body weight
50-75%
90
# Inorganic Compounds structure of water
atoms joined by polar covalent bonds; molecule is v-shaped
91
# Inorganic Compounds solvency
ability to dissolve other chemicals
92
# Inorganic Compounds solution = __ + __
solvent + solute
93
# Inorganic Compounds solvent
liquid in which a solute is dissolved
94
# Inorganic Compounds solute
what is being dissolved in the solvent
95
# Inorganic Compounds hydrophilic
charged substances that dissolve easily in water; water loving
96
# Inorganic Compounds hydrophobic
neutral substances that do not easily dissolve in water; water fearing
97
# Inorganic Compounds water is a __
universal solvent
98
# Inorganic Compounds chemical reactivity of water
the ability to participate in chemical reactions
99
# Inorganic Compounds water ionizes into __ and __
H+ and OH-; water also ionizes other chemicals (acids and bases)
100
# Inorganic Compounds water is involved in __ and __ reactions
hydrolysis; dehydration synthesis
101
# Inorganic Compounds solutions
a mixture of a solute into a solvent; small solute particles pass through cell membranes; the solution is transparent and remains mixed
102
# Inorganic Compounds colloids
a mixture of protein and water; solidifies within and between cells; the particles are too large to pass through cell membranes; the solution is cloudy and remains mixed
103
# Inorganic Compounds blood is thicker than water because of __
proteins
104
# Inorganic Compounds an acid is a proton __
donor (releases H+ ions)
105
# Inorganic Compounds a base is a proton __
acceptor (accepts H+ ions)
106
# Inorganic Compounds a pH of less than 7 is...
an acidic solution (H+ > OH-)
107
# Inorganic Compounds a pH greater than 7 is...
a basic solution (OH- > H+)
108
a pH of 7 is...
neutral (H+ = OH-)
109
our body uses __ to prevent changes in pH
buffer systems (mixture of chemicals that resist change)
110
# Inorganic Compounds pH of blood ranges from __ to __
7.35 to 7.45
111
# Inorganic Compounds OH- = __
hydroxyl
112
more H+ = more __ | more OH- (hydroxyls) = more __
acidic | basic
113
# Organic Compounds organic compounds
contains carbon and hydrogen and usually oxygen; carbon is the primary structural atom
114
# Organic Compounds organic chemistry
study of compounds containing carbon
115
4 categories of carbon compounds
carbohydrates lipids (fats) proteins nucleotides and nucleic acids
116
# Organic Compounds carbon
the atomic number of 6; has 4 valence electrons (binds with other atoms that give it 4 electrons to be stable); forms long chains, branched molecules, and rings (serves as the backbone for organic molecules); carries a variety of functional groups
117
# Organic Compounds functional groups
atoms attached to carbon backbone; determines chemical properties; examples: hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate
118
# Organic Compounds since carbon can form long chains, some organic molecules are...
very large macromolecules, such as starch, proteins, and DNA
119
# Organic Compounds polymer
molecules made of multiple monomers; example: ººººº
120
# Organic Compounds monomer
small subunit; example: º
121
# Organic Compounds a polymer of glucose is a __
starch/carbohydrate
122
# Organic Compounds a polymer of amino acids is a __
protein molecule
123
# Organic Compounds polymerization
joining monomers to form a polymer
124
# Organic Compounds dehydration synthesis
monomers covalently bond together to form a polymer with the removal of a water molecule; a hydroxyl group is removed from one monomer and a hydrogen from the next
125
# Organic Compounds hydrolysis
splitting a polymer by the addition of a water molecule
126
# Organic Compounds carbohydrates are __ and contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a __ ratio
hydrophilic; 1:2:1
127
# Organic Compounds all digested carbohydrates are converted to __ and oxidized to make __
glucose; ATP
128
# Organic Compounds monosaccharide
simple sugar; produced by digestion of complex carbohydrates
129
# Organic Compounds major monosaccharides
glucose (the body's most important source of energy [metabolic fuel]), galactose, fructose *these are all isomers
130
# Organic Compounds disaccharides
sugar molecule composed of 2 monosaccharides
131
# Organic Compounds major disaccharides
sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), maltose (grain)
132
# Organic Compounds polysaccharides
chains of glucose subunits
133
# Organic Compounds starch
energy storage in plants; most commonly digested carbohydrate; digestible by humans for energy
134
# Organic Compounds cellulose
structural molecule of plant cell walls; fiber in human diet
135
# Organic Compounds glycogen
energy storage in animals; stored glucose; found in liver and muscle tissue; if energy is needed, can be broken back down into glucose; liver synthesizes after a meal and breaks down between meals
136
# Organic Compounds lipids are __ and composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in __ ratio
hydrophobic; no
137
# Organic Compounds five primary types of lipids in humans
``` fatty acids triglycerides phospholipids eicosanoids* steroids (cholesterol) ```
138
# Organic Compounds primary function of triglycerides
energy storage, insulation, and shock absorption (adipose tissue)
139
# Organic Compounds phospholipids are the structural foundation of a __ __
cell membrane
140
# Organic Compounds HDL
high-density lipoprotein; "good" cholesterol; makes up cell membranes and hormones; heart does like
141
# Organic Compounds LDL
low-density lipoprotein; "bad" cholesterol; high ratio of lipid to protein; contributes to cardiovascular disease
142
# Organic Compounds __ are the most abundant and important organic molecule
proteins
143
# Organic Compounds five components of amino acid structure
``` central carbon atom hydrogen atom amino group carboxyl group R group/variable side chain ```
144
# Organic Compounds __ amino acids are used to make proteins; they are all identical except for the __
20; radical (R) group
145
# Organic Compounds properties of an amino acid are determined by __
R group
146
# Organic Compounds primary protein structure
sequence of amino acids
147
# Organic Compounds secondary protein structure
H bonding causes spiral, coiling, or folded effect; can be either alpha helix (spiral) or beta-sheet shape
148
# Organic Compounds tertiary protein structure
further coiling and folding and bending into globular and fibrous shapes
149
# Organic Compounds quaternary protein structure
final protein shape; several tertiary structures together
150
# Organic Compounds major protein functions
``` support movement transport buffering metabolic regulation coordination and control defense ```
151
# Organic Compounds enzymes
proteins that speed up a reaction by lowering the activation energy (energy needed to get a reaction started); act as biological catalysts
152
# Organic Compounds examples of enzymes
pepsin, trypsin, amylase | *all digestive
153
# Organic Compounds a __ acts upon an __ on the enzyme forming a __
substrate; active site; product
154
# Organic Compounds temperature and pH can effect enzyme performance by changing its __, therefore altering ability to __
shape; bind
155
# Organic Compounds steps of enzyme reaction
1. enzyme and substrate 2. substrate binds to active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex (highly specific) 3. enzyme breaks bond 4. products released
156
# Organic Compounds 3 components of a nucleotide
nitrogenous base sugar (monosaccharide) one or more phosphate groups
157
# Organic Compounds physiologically important nucleotides
ATP, DNA, RNA
158
# Organic Compounds ATP contains...
adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups
159
# Organic Compounds what is the significance of ATP's three phosphate groups?
it takes a lot of energy to bring 3 phosphate groups together, so there is a lot of potential energy stored in the bonds of the 2nd and 3rd groups, so when the bonds are broken, energy is released (exergonic) and becomes ADP + P + energy
160
# Organic Compounds ATP is consumed within __ and continually __
60 seconds; replenished
161
# Organic Compounds 2 types of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
162
# Organic Compounds DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid double-stranded and held together by hydrogen bonding backbone is made of deoxyribose (sugar) and phosphate nitrogenous bases 100 million to 1 billion nucleotides long contains genetic code
163
# Organic Compounds RNA
ribonucleic acid single-stranded backbone is made of ribose (sugar) and phosphate nitrogenous bases three types 70 to 10,000 nucleotides long involved in protein synthesis coded for by DNA
164
# Organic Compounds DNA nitrogenous bases
adenine thymine guanine cytosine
165
# Organic Compounds RNA nitrogenous bases
adenine uracil guanine cytosine
166
# Organic Compounds law of complementary base pairing
one strand determines the base sequence of the other; A–T, C–G
167
# Organic Compounds nitrogenous bases united by __
hydrogen bonds

Anatomy & Physiology I (4 decks)

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