Chapter 1 — Major Themes Flashcards
Introduction
anatomy is the study of…
structure
Introduction
physiology is the study of…
function
What is Anatomy?
palpation
feeling structures with fingertips
What is Anatomy?
examples of palpation
checking for swollen lymph nodes; taking pulse
What is Anatomy?
auscultation
listening to natural sounds made by the body
What is Anatomy?
examples of auscultation
heart and lung sounds
What is Anatomy?
percussion
examiner taps on the body and listens to the sound for signs of abnormalities
What is Anatomy?
examples of percussion
pockets of fluid or air
What is Anatomy?
gross anatomy
visible with the naked eye
What is Anatomy?
cytology
study of individual cells with a microscope
What is Anatomy?
anatomy
study of internal and external structure and the physical relationship between body parts
What is Anatomy?
inspection/observation of surface structure
the simplest way to study human anatomy
What is Anatomy?
cadaver dissection
cutting and separating body tissues to reveal tissue relationships
What is Anatomy?
comparative anatomy
study of multiple species to learn about form, function, and evolution
What is Physiology?
physiology
study of how living organisms perform vital functions
What is Physiology?
study of bodily functions uses…
methods of experimental science
What is Physiology?
physiology is the basis for…
the development of new drugs and medical procedures
Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
surface anatomy
general form and superficial markings
Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
systemic anatomy
structure of major organ systems
Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
regional anatomy
study of specific regions
Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
radiographic anatomy
study of the structure which includes the use of x-rays
Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
developmental anatomy
conception to physical maturity
Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
embryology anatomy
in utero
Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
histology
study of tissues
Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
pathological anatomy
study of structural changes associated with diseases
Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
cell physiology
study of the functions of cells
Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
pathophysiology
disease and aging
Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
exercise physiology
during muscular activity
Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
neurophysiology
nerve cells
Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
endocrinology physiology
hormones and how they control body functions
Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
cardiovascular physiology
heart and blood vessels
Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
immunology physiology
body defense mechanisms
Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
respiratory physiology
air passageways and lungs
Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
renal physiology
kidneys
Levels of Organization
hierarchy of complexity
molecules cells tissues organs organ systems organisms
Levels of Organization
molecules
composed of atoms
Levels of Organization
macromolecules
large molecules
Levels of Organization
cells
composed of molecules
Levels of Organization
organelles
microscopic structures in a cell that carry out their individual functions
Levels of Organization
tissues
composed of cells
Levels of Organization
organs
composed of tissues
Levels of Organization
organ systems
composed of organs
Levels of Organization
organisms
composed of 12 organ systems
Characteristics of Life
what are the characteristics of life
organization cellular composition metabolism excretion responsiveness movement homeostasis development reproduction evolution
Characteristics of Life
organization
maintains order
Characteristics of Life
cellular composition
living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells
Characteristics of Life
metabolism
the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body
Characteristics of Life
catabolism
form of metabolism which is the breakdown of large complex molecules into smaller, simpler ones
Characteristics of Life
anabolism
form of metabolism which uses the energy from catabolism for body structure and functions
Characteristics of Life
excretion
the separation of wastes from the tissues and their elimination
Characteristics of Life
responsiveness
respond to change in the environment
Characteristics of Life
movement
can be internal or external
Characteristics of Life
internal movement
transporting food, blood, etc
Characteristics of Life
external movement
movement through environment
Characteristics of Life
homeostasis
stability
Characteristics of Life
differentiation
form of development where unspecialized cells develop into specialized
example: red blood cells and white blood cells share the same ancestor
Characteristics of Life
growth
form of development with increase in size
Characteristics of Life
evolution
all living species exhibit genetic change from generation to generation and therefore evolve
Characteristics of Life
living things
all perform the same basic functions, or characteristics of life
Homeostasis
homeostasis
steady-state condition allows the normal body to keep in balance by compensation with change; loss causes illness or death
Homeostasis
homeostasis regulation
usually involves a receptor sensitive to a particular stimulus and an effector whose activity has an effect upon the same stimulus
Feedback Loops
3 part structure
receptor
integrator
effector
Feedback Loops
receptor
senses change
Feedback Loops
integrator
control center that responds
Feeback Loops
effector
structures that restore homeostasis
Negative Feedback Loop
negative feedback loop
the body senses a change and activates mechanisms as an automatic response to reverse or oppose it
Negative Feedback Loop
examples of a negative feedback loop
thermoregulation; blood sugar regulation
Negative Feedback Loop
human thermoregulation
the brain sense change in the blood temperature
if overheating, vessels dilate in the skin (vasodilation), and sweating begins; if too cold, vessels constrict in the skin (vasoconstriction), and shivering begins
Positive Feedback Loop
positive feedback loop
the initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the stimulus
Positive Feedback Loop
self-amplifying change
leads to change in the same direction
Positive Feedback Loop
positive feedback loops are a normal way of producing…
rapid changes
Positive Feedback Loop
examples of a positive feedback loop
childbirth; blood clotting; fever; protein digestion; generation of nerve signals
Positive Feedback Loop
fevers
fevers increase the body’s metabolic rate and produce heat even faster; the cycle continues to reinforce itself
becomes life-threatening at >108ºF, becomes fatal at 113ºF
Anatomical Terminology
medical terms are derived from…
greek and latin roots
Anatomical Terminology
naming confusion during the renaissance
- same structures with different names
- structures named after people (eponyms)
Anatomical Terminology
search for uniform international terminology
- 1895: nomina anatomica (NA) rejected all eponyms; each structure needed a unique latin name
- 1998: terminologia anatomica codified
Anatomical Position
anatomical position
a way of referring to the body, standing erect, with hands at side and palms facing forward
Forearm Positions
when the forearms are supinated…
- palms face forward/upward
- radius & ulna are parallel
Forearm Positions
when the forearms are pronated…
- palms face rearward/downward
- radius & ulna are crossed
Directional Terms
front
ventral or anterior
Directional Terms
back
dorsal or posterior
Directional Terms
above
superior
Directional Terms
below
inferior
Directional Terms
middle
medial
Directional Terms
toward the side
lateral
Directional Terms
toward the point of attachment
proximal
Directional Terms
farthest from the point of attachment
distal
Directional Terms
closer to the body surface
superficial
Directional Terms
farther from the body surface
deep
Planes
sagittal
divides the body into right and left portions
Planes
midsagittal
divides the body equally into right and left
Planes
parasagittal
divides the body unequally into right and left
Planes
frontal
divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior portions; also called coronal plane
Planes
transverse
divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior portions
Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants
dorsal body cavity
contains cranial and spinal cavities
Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants
cranial cavity
houses the brain and is lined with meninges
Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants
spinal cavity
encases spinal cord and is lined with meninges; also called vertebral cavity
Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants
ventral body cavity
contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants
thoracic cavity
houses the heart (pericardial) and lung (pleural) cavities
Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants
abdominopelvic cavity
contains abdominal and pelvic cavities
the abdominal cavity houses the digestive viscera, kidneys, and ureters; the pelvic cavity houses the bladder, urethra, rectum, and reproductive organs
Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants
quadrants
4; right and left upper & right and left lower
Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants
regions
9; surface anatomy is used to describe a general area
Body Cavities and Membranes
mediastinum
region between the lungs; contains the heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, and thymus
Body Cavities and Membranes
visceral membrane
inner membrane
Body Cavities and Membranes
parietal membrane
outer membrane
Body Cavities and Membranes
between the visceral and parietal membranes is…
a cavity filled with fluid
Body Cavities and Membranes
pericardium
the membranes around the heart
- visceral pericardium
- parietal pericardium
- pericardial cavity
- pericardial fluid
Body Cavities and Membranes
pleura
the membranes around the lungs
- visceral pleura
- parietal pleura
- pleural cavity
- pleural fluid
Body Cavities and Membranes
peritoneum
serous membranes of the abdominopelvic cavity
- visceral peritoneum
- parietal peritoneum
- peritoneal cavity
- peritoneal fluid
Organ Systems
what are the organ systems
integumentary skeletal muscular lymphatic respiratory urinary nervous endocrine circulatory digestive female reproductive male reproductive
