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Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter 1 — Major Themes > Flashcards

Chapter 1 — Major Themes Flashcards

1
Q

Introduction

anatomy is the study of…

A

structure

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2
Q

Introduction

physiology is the study of…

A

function

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3
Q

What is Anatomy?

palpation

A

feeling structures with fingertips

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4
Q

What is Anatomy?

examples of palpation

A

checking for swollen lymph nodes; taking pulse

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5
Q

What is Anatomy?

auscultation

A

listening to natural sounds made by the body

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6
Q

What is Anatomy?

examples of auscultation

A

heart and lung sounds

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7
Q

What is Anatomy?

percussion

A

examiner taps on the body and listens to the sound for signs of abnormalities

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8
Q

What is Anatomy?

examples of percussion

A

pockets of fluid or air

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9
Q

What is Anatomy?

gross anatomy

A

visible with the naked eye

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10
Q

What is Anatomy?

cytology

A

study of individual cells with a microscope

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11
Q

What is Anatomy?

anatomy

A

study of internal and external structure and the physical relationship between body parts

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12
Q

What is Anatomy?

inspection/observation of surface structure

A

the simplest way to study human anatomy

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13
Q

What is Anatomy?

cadaver dissection

A

cutting and separating body tissues to reveal tissue relationships

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14
Q

What is Anatomy?

comparative anatomy

A

study of multiple species to learn about form, function, and evolution

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15
Q

What is Physiology?

physiology

A

study of how living organisms perform vital functions

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16
Q

What is Physiology?

study of bodily functions uses…

A

methods of experimental science

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17
Q

What is Physiology?

physiology is the basis for…

A

the development of new drugs and medical procedures

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18
Q

Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology

surface anatomy

A

general form and superficial markings

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19
Q

Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology

systemic anatomy

A

structure of major organ systems

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20
Q

Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology

regional anatomy

A

study of specific regions

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21
Q

Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology

radiographic anatomy

A

study of the structure which includes the use of x-rays

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22
Q

Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology

developmental anatomy

A

conception to physical maturity

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23
Q

Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology

embryology anatomy

A

in utero

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24
Q

Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology

histology

A

study of tissues

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25
Q

Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology

pathological anatomy

A

study of structural changes associated with diseases

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26
Q

Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology

cell physiology

A

study of the functions of cells

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27
Q

Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology

pathophysiology

A

disease and aging

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28
Q

Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology

exercise physiology

A

during muscular activity

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29
Q

Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology

neurophysiology

A

nerve cells

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30
Q

Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology

endocrinology physiology

A

hormones and how they control body functions

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31
Q

Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology

cardiovascular physiology

A

heart and blood vessels

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32
Q

Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology

immunology physiology

A

body defense mechanisms

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33
Q

Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology

respiratory physiology

A

air passageways and lungs

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34
Q

Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology

renal physiology

A

kidneys

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35
Q

Levels of Organization

hierarchy of complexity

A 
molecules
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organisms
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36
Q

Levels of Organization

molecules

A

composed of atoms

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37
Q

Levels of Organization

macromolecules

A

large molecules

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38
Q

Levels of Organization

cells

A

composed of molecules

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39
Q

Levels of Organization

organelles

A

microscopic structures in a cell that carry out their individual functions

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40
Q

Levels of Organization

tissues

A

composed of cells

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41
Q

Levels of Organization

organs

A

composed of tissues

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42
Q

Levels of Organization

organ systems

A

composed of organs

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43
Q

Levels of Organization

organisms

A

composed of 12 organ systems

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44
Q

Characteristics of Life

what are the characteristics of life

A 
organization
cellular composition
metabolism
excretion
responsiveness
movement
homeostasis
development
reproduction
evolution
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45
Q

Characteristics of Life

organization

A

maintains order

46
Q

Characteristics of Life

cellular composition

A

living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells

47
Q

Characteristics of Life

metabolism

A

the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body

48
Q

Characteristics of Life

catabolism

A

form of metabolism which is the breakdown of large complex molecules into smaller, simpler ones

49
Q

Characteristics of Life

anabolism

A

form of metabolism which uses the energy from catabolism for body structure and functions

50
Q

Characteristics of Life

excretion

A

the separation of wastes from the tissues and their elimination

51
Q

Characteristics of Life

responsiveness

A

respond to change in the environment

52
Q

Characteristics of Life

movement

A

can be internal or external

53
Q

Characteristics of Life

internal movement

A

transporting food, blood, etc

54
Q

Characteristics of Life

external movement

A

movement through environment

55
Q

Characteristics of Life

homeostasis

A

stability

56
Q

Characteristics of Life

differentiation

A

form of development where unspecialized cells develop into specialized

example: red blood cells and white blood cells share the same ancestor

57
Q

Characteristics of Life

growth

A

form of development with increase in size

58
Q

Characteristics of Life

evolution

A

all living species exhibit genetic change from generation to generation and therefore evolve

59
Q

Characteristics of Life

living things

A

all perform the same basic functions, or characteristics of life

60
Q

Homeostasis

homeostasis

A

steady-state condition allows the normal body to keep in balance by compensation with change; loss causes illness or death

61
Q

Homeostasis

homeostasis regulation

A

usually involves a receptor sensitive to a particular stimulus and an effector whose activity has an effect upon the same stimulus

62
Q

Feedback Loops

3 part structure

A

receptor
integrator
effector

63
Q

Feedback Loops

receptor

A

senses change

64
Q

Feedback Loops

integrator

A

control center that responds

65
Q

Feeback Loops

effector

A

structures that restore homeostasis

66
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

negative feedback loop

A

the body senses a change and activates mechanisms as an automatic response to reverse or oppose it

67
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

examples of a negative feedback loop

A

thermoregulation; blood sugar regulation

68
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

human thermoregulation

A

the brain sense change in the blood temperature

if overheating, vessels dilate in the skin (vasodilation), and sweating begins; if too cold, vessels constrict in the skin (vasoconstriction), and shivering begins

69
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

positive feedback loop

A

the initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the stimulus

70
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

self-amplifying change

A

leads to change in the same direction

71
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

positive feedback loops are a normal way of producing…

A

rapid changes

72
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

examples of a positive feedback loop

A

childbirth; blood clotting; fever; protein digestion; generation of nerve signals

73
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

fevers

A

fevers increase the body’s metabolic rate and produce heat even faster; the cycle continues to reinforce itself

becomes life-threatening at >108ºF, becomes fatal at 113ºF

74
Q

Anatomical Terminology

medical terms are derived from…

A

greek and latin roots

75
Q

Anatomical Terminology

naming confusion during the renaissance

A
  • same structures with different names

- structures named after people (eponyms)

76
Q

Anatomical Terminology

search for uniform international terminology

A
  • 1895: nomina anatomica (NA) rejected all eponyms; each structure needed a unique latin name
  • 1998: terminologia anatomica codified
77
Q

Anatomical Position

anatomical position

A

a way of referring to the body, standing erect, with hands at side and palms facing forward

78
Q

Forearm Positions

when the forearms are supinated…

A
  • palms face forward/upward

- radius & ulna are parallel

79
Q

Forearm Positions

when the forearms are pronated…

A
  • palms face rearward/downward

- radius & ulna are crossed

80
Q

Directional Terms

front

A

ventral or anterior

81
Q

Directional Terms

back

A

dorsal or posterior

82
Q

Directional Terms

above

A

superior

83
Q

Directional Terms

below

A

inferior

84
Q

Directional Terms

middle

A

medial

85
Q

Directional Terms

toward the side

A

lateral

86
Q

Directional Terms

toward the point of attachment

A

proximal

87
Q

Directional Terms

farthest from the point of attachment

A

distal

88
Q

Directional Terms

closer to the body surface

A

superficial

89
Q

Directional Terms

farther from the body surface

A

deep

90
Q

Planes

sagittal

A

divides the body into right and left portions

91
Q

Planes

midsagittal

A

divides the body equally into right and left

92
Q

Planes

parasagittal

A

divides the body unequally into right and left

93
Q

Planes

frontal

A

divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior portions; also called coronal plane

94
Q

Planes

transverse

A

divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior portions

95
Q

Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants

dorsal body cavity

A

contains cranial and spinal cavities

96
Q

Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants

cranial cavity

A

houses the brain and is lined with meninges

97
Q

Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants

spinal cavity

A

encases spinal cord and is lined with meninges; also called vertebral cavity

98
Q

Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants

ventral body cavity

A

contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

99
Q

Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants

thoracic cavity

A

houses the heart (pericardial) and lung (pleural) cavities

100
Q

Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants

abdominopelvic cavity

A

contains abdominal and pelvic cavities

the abdominal cavity houses the digestive viscera, kidneys, and ureters; the pelvic cavity houses the bladder, urethra, rectum, and reproductive organs

101
Q

Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants

quadrants

A

4; right and left upper & right and left lower

102
Q

Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants

regions

A

9; surface anatomy is used to describe a general area

103
Q

Body Cavities and Membranes

mediastinum

A

region between the lungs; contains the heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, and thymus

104
Q

Body Cavities and Membranes

visceral membrane

A

inner membrane

105
Q

Body Cavities and Membranes

parietal membrane

A

outer membrane

106
Q

Body Cavities and Membranes

between the visceral and parietal membranes is…

A

a cavity filled with fluid

107
Q

Body Cavities and Membranes

pericardium

A

the membranes around the heart

  • visceral pericardium
  • parietal pericardium
  • pericardial cavity
  • pericardial fluid
108
Q

Body Cavities and Membranes

pleura

A

the membranes around the lungs

  • visceral pleura
  • parietal pleura
  • pleural cavity
  • pleural fluid
109
Q

Body Cavities and Membranes

peritoneum

A

serous membranes of the abdominopelvic cavity

  • visceral peritoneum
  • parietal peritoneum
  • peritoneal cavity
  • peritoneal fluid
110
Q

Organ Systems

what are the organ systems

A 
integumentary
skeletal
muscular
lymphatic
respiratory
urinary
nervous
endocrine
circulatory
digestive
female reproductive
male reproductive

Anatomy & Physiology I (4 decks)

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