Chapter 1 — Major Themes Flashcards
1
Q
Introduction
anatomy is the study of…
A
structure
2
Q
Introduction
physiology is the study of…
A
function
3
Q
What is Anatomy?
palpation
A
feeling structures with fingertips
4
Q
What is Anatomy?
examples of palpation
A
checking for swollen lymph nodes; taking pulse
5
Q
What is Anatomy?
auscultation
A
listening to natural sounds made by the body
6
Q
What is Anatomy?
examples of auscultation
A
heart and lung sounds
7
Q
What is Anatomy?
percussion
A
examiner taps on the body and listens to the sound for signs of abnormalities
8
Q
What is Anatomy?
examples of percussion
A
pockets of fluid or air
9
Q
What is Anatomy?
gross anatomy
A
visible with the naked eye
10
Q
What is Anatomy?
cytology
A
study of individual cells with a microscope
11
Q
What is Anatomy?
anatomy
A
study of internal and external structure and the physical relationship between body parts
12
Q
What is Anatomy?
inspection/observation of surface structure
A
the simplest way to study human anatomy
13
Q
What is Anatomy?
cadaver dissection
A
cutting and separating body tissues to reveal tissue relationships
14
Q
What is Anatomy?
comparative anatomy
A
study of multiple species to learn about form, function, and evolution
15
Q
What is Physiology?
physiology
A
study of how living organisms perform vital functions
16
Q
What is Physiology?
study of bodily functions uses…
A
methods of experimental science
17
Q
What is Physiology?
physiology is the basis for…
A
the development of new drugs and medical procedures
18
Q
Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
surface anatomy
A
general form and superficial markings
19
Q
Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
systemic anatomy
A
structure of major organ systems
20
Q
Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
regional anatomy
A
study of specific regions
21
Q
Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
radiographic anatomy
A
study of the structure which includes the use of x-rays
22
Q
Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
developmental anatomy
A
conception to physical maturity
23
Q
Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
embryology anatomy
A
in utero
24
Q
Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
histology
A
study of tissues
25
# Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
pathological anatomy
study of structural changes associated with diseases
26
# Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
cell physiology
study of the functions of cells
27
# Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
pathophysiology
disease and aging
28
# Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
exercise physiology
during muscular activity
29
# Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
neurophysiology
nerve cells
30
# Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
endocrinology physiology
hormones and how they control body functions
31
# Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
cardiovascular physiology
heart and blood vessels
32
# Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
immunology physiology
body defense mechanisms
33
# Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
respiratory physiology
air passageways and lungs
34
# Subdivisions of Anatomy and Physiology
renal physiology
kidneys
35
# Levels of Organization
hierarchy of complexity
```
molecules
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organisms
```
36
# Levels of Organization
molecules
composed of atoms
37
# Levels of Organization
macromolecules
large molecules
38
# Levels of Organization
cells
composed of molecules
39
# Levels of Organization
organelles
microscopic structures in a cell that carry out their individual functions
40
# Levels of Organization
tissues
composed of cells
41
# Levels of Organization
organs
composed of tissues
42
# Levels of Organization
organ systems
composed of organs
43
# Levels of Organization
organisms
composed of 12 organ systems
44
# Characteristics of Life
what are the characteristics of life
```
organization
cellular composition
metabolism
excretion
responsiveness
movement
homeostasis
development
reproduction
evolution
```
45
# Characteristics of Life
organization
maintains order
46
# Characteristics of Life
cellular composition
living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells
47
# Characteristics of Life
metabolism
the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body
48
# Characteristics of Life
catabolism
form of metabolism which is the breakdown of large complex molecules into smaller, simpler ones
49
# Characteristics of Life
anabolism
form of metabolism which uses the energy from catabolism for body structure and functions
50
# Characteristics of Life
excretion
the separation of wastes from the tissues and their elimination
51
# Characteristics of Life
responsiveness
respond to change in the environment
52
# Characteristics of Life
movement
can be internal or external
53
# Characteristics of Life
internal movement
transporting food, blood, etc
54
# Characteristics of Life
external movement
movement through environment
55
# Characteristics of Life
homeostasis
stability
56
# Characteristics of Life
differentiation
form of development where unspecialized cells develop into specialized
example: red blood cells and white blood cells share the same ancestor
57
# Characteristics of Life
growth
form of development with increase in size
58
# Characteristics of Life
evolution
all living species exhibit genetic change from generation to generation and therefore evolve
59
# Characteristics of Life
living things
all perform the same basic functions, or characteristics of life
60
# Homeostasis
homeostasis
steady-state condition allows the normal body to keep in balance by compensation with change; loss causes illness or death
61
# Homeostasis
homeostasis regulation
usually involves a receptor sensitive to a particular stimulus and an effector whose activity has an effect upon the same stimulus
62
# Feedback Loops
3 part structure
receptor
integrator
effector
63
# Feedback Loops
receptor
senses change
64
# Feedback Loops
integrator
control center that responds
65
# Feeback Loops
effector
structures that restore homeostasis
66
# Negative Feedback Loop
negative feedback loop
the body senses a change and activates mechanisms as an automatic response to reverse or oppose it
67
# Negative Feedback Loop
examples of a negative feedback loop
thermoregulation; blood sugar regulation
68
# Negative Feedback Loop
human thermoregulation
the brain sense change in the blood temperature
if overheating, vessels dilate in the skin (vasodilation), and sweating begins; if too cold, vessels constrict in the skin (vasoconstriction), and shivering begins
69
# Positive Feedback Loop
positive feedback loop
the initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the stimulus
70
# Positive Feedback Loop
self-amplifying change
leads to change in the same direction
71
# Positive Feedback Loop
positive feedback loops are a normal way of producing...
rapid changes
72
# Positive Feedback Loop
examples of a positive feedback loop
childbirth; blood clotting; fever; protein digestion; generation of nerve signals
73
# Positive Feedback Loop
fevers
fevers increase the body's metabolic rate and produce heat even faster; the cycle continues to reinforce itself
becomes life-threatening at >108ºF, becomes fatal at 113ºF
74
# Anatomical Terminology
medical terms are derived from...
greek and latin roots
75
# Anatomical Terminology
naming confusion during the renaissance
- same structures with different names
| - structures named after people (eponyms)
76
# Anatomical Terminology
search for uniform international terminology
- 1895: nomina anatomica (NA) rejected all eponyms; each structure needed a unique latin name
- 1998: terminologia anatomica codified
77
# Anatomical Position
anatomical position
a way of referring to the body, standing erect, with hands at side and palms facing forward
78
# Forearm Positions
when the forearms are supinated...
- palms face forward/upward
| - radius & ulna are parallel
79
# Forearm Positions
when the forearms are pronated...
- palms face rearward/downward
| - radius & ulna are crossed
80
# Directional Terms
front
ventral or anterior
81
# Directional Terms
back
dorsal or posterior
82
# Directional Terms
above
superior
83
# Directional Terms
below
inferior
84
# Directional Terms
middle
medial
85
# Directional Terms
toward the side
lateral
86
# Directional Terms
toward the point of attachment
proximal
87
# Directional Terms
farthest from the point of attachment
distal
88
# Directional Terms
closer to the body surface
superficial
89
# Directional Terms
farther from the body surface
deep
90
# Planes
sagittal
divides the body into right and left portions
91
# Planes
midsagittal
divides the body equally into right and left
92
# Planes
parasagittal
divides the body unequally into right and left
93
# Planes
frontal
divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior portions; also called coronal plane
94
# Planes
transverse
divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior portions
95
# Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants
dorsal body cavity
contains cranial and spinal cavities
96
# Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants
cranial cavity
houses the brain and is lined with meninges
97
# Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants
spinal cavity
encases spinal cord and is lined with meninges; also called vertebral cavity
98
# Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants
ventral body cavity
contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
99
# Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants
thoracic cavity
houses the heart (pericardial) and lung (pleural) cavities
100
# Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants
abdominopelvic cavity
contains abdominal and pelvic cavities
the abdominal cavity houses the digestive viscera, kidneys, and ureters; the pelvic cavity houses the bladder, urethra, rectum, and reproductive organs
101
# Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants
quadrants
4; right and left upper & right and left lower
102
# Body Cavities, Regions, and Quadrants
regions
9; surface anatomy is used to describe a general area
103
# Body Cavities and Membranes
mediastinum
region between the lungs; contains the heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, and thymus
104
# Body Cavities and Membranes
visceral membrane
inner membrane
105
# Body Cavities and Membranes
parietal membrane
outer membrane
106
# Body Cavities and Membranes
between the visceral and parietal membranes is...
a cavity filled with fluid
107
# Body Cavities and Membranes
pericardium
the membranes around the heart
- visceral pericardium
- parietal pericardium
- pericardial cavity
- pericardial fluid
108
# Body Cavities and Membranes
pleura
the membranes around the lungs
- visceral pleura
- parietal pleura
- pleural cavity
- pleural fluid
109
# Body Cavities and Membranes
peritoneum
serous membranes of the abdominopelvic cavity
- visceral peritoneum
- parietal peritoneum
- peritoneal cavity
- peritoneal fluid
110
# Organ Systems
what are the organ systems
```
integumentary
skeletal
muscular
lymphatic
respiratory
urinary
nervous
endocrine
circulatory
digestive
female reproductive
male reproductive
```
