chapter 3 & 4

Question 1

the four lobes of the brain

Answer 1

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Question 2

precentral gyrus/motor cortex

Answer 2

controls voluntary non-reflexive movement

Question 3

homunculus

Answer 3

mapped onto the motor area of each hemisphere and tells which part of the motor cortex is responsible for movement in the body - the bigger the homunculus part the more cells are dedicated to that body part

Question 4

broca’s area

Answer 4

controls speech production, contributing to the grammatical structure and motor control involved in speech

Question 5

prefrontal cortex

Answer 5

the region involved in planning and organization of behavior. It’s also involved in decision making, adjusting behavior in response to consequences

Question 6

postcentral gyrus/somatosensory cortex

Answer 6

processes the skin senses (touch, warmth, cold, pain) and the senses that inform us about body position and movement.

Question 7

association areas

Answer 7

areas that carry out further processing beyond what the primary area does, often combining information from other senses to create a full picture

Question 8

neglect

Answer 8

what occurs when association areas are not able to do what they’er supposed to do

Question 9

temporal lobe

Answer 9

region containing the auditory projection areas

Question 10

wernicke’s area

Answer 10

is an association area whose job is to interpret language by taking what the primary auditory cortex gives it and processes it.

Question 11

inferior temporal cortex

Answer 11

located in the lower portion of the lobe and plays a major role in the visual identification of objects

Question 12

primary visual cortex

Answer 12

visual information is processed

Question 13

thalamus

Answer 13

receives information from all of our sensory systems except for smell or olfaction, it’s the switchboard that sends the information where it needs to go

Question 14

hypothalamus

Answer 14

it plays a role in controlling emotion and motivated behavior

Question 15

pineal gland

Answer 15

plays a role in sleep because it secretes melatonin which is a hormone that induces sleep

Question 16

corpus callosum

Answer 16

band of fibers that carry information between the left and right hemispheres

Question 17

ventricles

Answer 17

cavities in the brain that develop from the hollow interior of the nervous system

Question 18

midbrain

Answer 18

Contains structures that have secondary roles for vision, hearing, and movement.
Includes the substantia nigra which plays a role in movement

Question 19

pons

Answer 19

regions which contain centers related to sleep and arousal and are also a part of reticular formation

Question 20

reticular formation

Answer 20

plays a role in sleep and arousal, and attention as well as some aspects of motor activity including reflexes and muscle tone

Question 21

medulla

Answer 21

nuclei within the medulla are involved with control of essential life processes like cardiovascular activity, respiration or breathing

Question 22

cerebellum

Answer 22

refines movement by the motor cortex by controlling the speed, intensity and direction of those movements

Question 23

spinal cord

Answer 23

Cable of neurons that carries commands from the brain to the organs and muscles and also takes information from the sensory areas to the brain

Question 24

ventral roots

Answer 24

deals with the output of motor neurons to our muscles in the periphery

Question 25

three layers of meninges

Answer 25

outermost - dura layer
middle - arachnoid layer
innermost - PIA layer

Question 26

dura layer

Answer 26

very tough and thick and difficult to cut through

Question 27

arachnoid layer

Answer 27

separates the blood and cerebral spinal fluid so that only the cerebral spinal fluid is touching the brain because blood kills neurons

Question 28

PIA layer

Answer 28

its very thin and difficult to see and helps keep different parts of the brain in place

Question 29

blood brain barrier

Answer 29

a barrier to make sure that blood does not touch neurons and kill it, only allows certain things to pass from the blood into the brain

Question 30

afferent neuron

Answer 30

sends information towards the central nervous system

Question 31

efferent neuron

Answer 31

sends information away from the central nervous system (motor neuron)

Question 32

cranial nerves

Answer 32

enter and leave the brain from the underside/ventral side
While some cranial nerves will convey sensory information to the brain from the outside world

Question 33

somatic nervous system

Answer 33

voluntary muscles

Question 34

autonomic nervous system

Answer 34

involuntary functions (automatic)

Question 35

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 35

is fight or flight, leads to an increase of blood pressure, increased muscle tension, shuts down digestion and sex drive

Question 36

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 36

is the rest and digest system, slow down heart rate and lower blood pressure, digest food, turn on sex drive, works when somebody is calm

Question 37

4 stage of development of the nervous system

Answer 37

stage 1 - proliferation
stage 2 - migration
stage 3 - circuit formation
stage 4 - circuit pruning

Question 38

plasticity

Answer 38

is the ability of a synapse to be modified, through either circuit pruning or growth of new cells or neurons changing functions

Question 39

reorganization

Answer 39

which is the shift in connections that changes the function of an area of the brain

Question 40

neurotrophins

Answer 40

chemicals that enhance the development and survival of neurons

Question 41

ischemic stroke

Answer 41

blockage of an artery to the brain, a blood clot, most common, this one is a loss of oxygen and glucose to the neurons which cause those cells to die

Question 42

hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 42

rarer and worst, this is when an artery ruptures and blood bleeds into the brain, part of the brain is not getting nutrients and oxygen, and another part is now covered in blood which is toxic to neurons, equaling cell death in the brain

Question 43

staining

Answer 43

view not just parts of the brain but also individual neurons

Question 44

golgi staining

Answer 44

only stains 5% of the neurons but will stain the enterity of a neruon

Question 45

myelin stain

Answer 45

only stains every single acons or myelinated axon

Question 46

nissl stain

Answer 46

stains every single cell body

Question 47

retrograde

Answer 47

fluorescent stain that will inject into one part of the brain, examine brain areas to see where neural input is coming from

Question 48

Autoradiography

Answer 48

only staining active cells, the more the dye is absorb the more active the cell is, also determine the location and quantity of a neurotransmitters

Question 49

Immunocytochemistry

Answer 49

use an antibody to target a specific thing like a protein or enzyme, attach itself to which cells are producing that specific thing

Question 50

Knockout technique

Answer 50

basically take a gene and make it unusable and put that in the embryo so that they have example a gene for a certain protein but it can’t be made, like removing a gene

Question 51

Knockdown technique

Answer 51

the gene is still there but just doing a technique so that it can’t function, technically functionable but we’re making it not work