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psych 275 > ch 1 & 2 > Flashcards

ch 1 & 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

neurons

A

cells that convey sensory information to and from the brain, carry out
operations, and transmit commands to the body

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2
Q

dendrites

A

recieve & send information to the cell body

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3
Q

axon terminals

A

send information to other neurons or to other cells using neurotransmitters or neuromodulators

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4
Q

components of a neuron

A

dendrites, nucleus, cell body, axon, axon terminals

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5
Q

types of neurons

A

motor neurons
sensory neurons
interneurons

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6
Q

motor neurons

A

carries commands to the muscles and organs

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7
Q

sensory neurons

A

Carry information from the body and outside world into
brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

interneurons

A

neurons which connect one neuron to another in the same part
of brain or spinal cord

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9
Q

unipolar neuron

A

the body in the middle is split with dendrites on one side & axon and axon terminals on the other side

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10
Q

protein channels

A

made up of groups of proteins that are usually closed & will only open to allow certain things through

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11
Q

polarization

A

a state in which there is a difference in electrical charge
between the inside and outside of the neuron

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12
Q

voltage

A

measure of the difference in electrical charge between two points

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13
Q

resting potential

A

difference in charge between inside & outside of
membrane of a neuron at rest

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14
Q

Force of diffusion

A

tendency of ions to move through membrane to less
concentrated side

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15
Q

Electrostatic pressure

A

force where ions are repelled from similarly charged,
attracted to oppositely charged

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16
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

large protein molecules that move sodium ions
through cell membrane to outside, potassium ions back inside

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17
Q

ion channels

A

gated pores in the membrane formed by proteins; limit the
flow of ions into and out of the cell

chemically gated: neurotransmitters or hormones
electrically gated: change in electrical potential of the membrane, opens when it depolarizes or hyperpolarizes

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18
Q

dendrites

A

recieves information from another neuron or sensory receptor

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19
Q

excitatory

A

increasing the likelihood of depolarization (get more positive)

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20
Q

inhibitory

A

decreasing the liklihood of depolarization (get more negative)

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21
Q

local potential

A

only a specific part of the cell membrane depolarizes & the polarity in just that area shifts toward zero

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22
Q

action potential

A

abrupt depolarization of membrane that allows neuron to
communicate

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23
Q

all or none law

A

occurs at full strength or it does not occur at all

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24
Q

absolute refractory period

A

no matter what a second action potential will not occur

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25
Q

relative refactory period

A

still resetting but a second action potential can be forced

26
Q

rate law

A

how many action potentials are happening within a set amount of time

27
Q

glial cells

A

cells that help hold neurons together
help myelination which helps the conduction speed of action potentials

28
Q

myelin

A

fatty tissue that wraps around the axon to insulate it, produced by glial cells

29
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath that lets the action potential travel along the acon much faster

30
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

Glial cells which produce myelin in the brain and spinal
cord, in the CNS

31
Q

schwann cells

A

Glial cells which produce myelin in the rest of the nervous
system, can only produce myelin one axon at a time, PNS

32
Q

glial functions

A

radial glia, microglia, astrocytes

33
Q

synapse

A

connection between two neurons

34
Q

synaptic cleft

A

the small gap which separates neurons so they are not in
direct physical contact at the synapse

35
Q

presynaptic

A

transmitting neuron

36
Q

postsynaptic

A

recieving neuron

37
Q

vesicles

A

: membrane-enclose bubbles at axon terminals which store
neurotransmitters

38
Q

Ionotropic receptors

A

: receptors which form the ion channel and open quickly
to produce the immediate reactions

39
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A

receptors which open channels indirectly through a
second messenger

40
Q

Partial depolarization

A

depolarization which is excitatory and facilitates the
occurrence of an action potential but not necessarily causing an action potential to occur

41
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

increased polarization which is inhibitory and makes an
action potential less likely to occur

42
Q

spatial summation

A

combines potentials occurring simultaneously at different
locations on the dendrites and cell body

43
Q

temporal summation

A

combines potentials arriving a short time apart, from
either the same or separate inputs

44
Q

axodendritic

A

axon terminals are connected directly to a dendrite

45
Q

axosomatic

A

axon terminals talks to the cell body directly

46
Q

autoreceptors

A

receptors on presynaptic terminals that sense the amount of transmitter in cleft, too much and it will tell it to stop, too little and it will tell it to increase

47
Q

dale’s principle

A

false belief that a neuron was capable of releasing only
a single transmitter

48
Q

neurotransmitter release

A

corelease, cotransmission, release of different transmitters from various terminals

49
Q

corelease

A

neurotransmitters are packaged in the same vesicle, but not at the same rate or in the same number

50
Q

cotransmission

A

neurotransmitters are packaged in seperate vesicles

51
Q

neural network

A

groups of neurons that function together

52
Q

behavioral neuroscience

A

studies the relationships between behaviour and
the body, specifically the brain

53
Q

dualism

A

rene descartes - idea that the mind and brain are seperate

54
Q

monism

A

idea that the mind and body consist of the same substance

55
Q

materialistic monism

A

view that the body and mind and everything else are physical

56
Q

empiricism

A

gethering information through observation

57
Q

localization

A

specific areas of the brain carry out specific functions

58
Q

equipotentiality

A

localization doesn’t occur and there aren’t special parts of the brain, everything does everything

59
Q

heritability

A

% of the variation in a charateristic attributed to genetic factors, how much were you born with

60
Q

vulnerability

A

genes contribute to predisposition for a disorder,
higher chance of getting ex) disease if you have the gene for it but that doesn’t mean you will actually get it

psych 275 (4 decks)

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