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psych 275 > ch 1 & 2 > Flashcards

ch 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

neurons

A

cells that convey sensory information to and from the brain, carry out
operations, and transmit commands to the body

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2
Q

dendrites

A

recieve & send information to the cell body

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3
Q

axon terminals

A

send information to other neurons or to other cells using neurotransmitters or neuromodulators

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4
Q

components of a neuron

A

dendrites, nucleus, cell body, axon, axon terminals

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5
Q

types of neurons

A

motor neurons
sensory neurons
interneurons

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6
Q

motor neurons

A

carries commands to the muscles and organs

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7
Q

sensory neurons

A

Carry information from the body and outside world into
brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

interneurons

A

neurons which connect one neuron to another in the same part
of brain or spinal cord

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9
Q

unipolar neuron

A

the body in the middle is split with dendrites on one side & axon and axon terminals on the other side

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10
Q

protein channels

A

made up of groups of proteins that are usually closed & will only open to allow certain things through

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11
Q

polarization

A

a state in which there is a difference in electrical charge
between the inside and outside of the neuron

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12
Q

voltage

A

measure of the difference in electrical charge between two points

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13
Q

resting potential

A

difference in charge between inside & outside of
membrane of a neuron at rest

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14
Q

Force of diffusion

A

tendency of ions to move through membrane to less
concentrated side

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15
Q

Electrostatic pressure

A

force where ions are repelled from similarly charged,
attracted to oppositely charged

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16
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

large protein molecules that move sodium ions
through cell membrane to outside, potassium ions back inside

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17
Q

ion channels

A

gated pores in the membrane formed by proteins; limit the
flow of ions into and out of the cell

chemically gated: neurotransmitters or hormones
electrically gated: change in electrical potential of the membrane, opens when it depolarizes or hyperpolarizes

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18
Q

dendrites

A

recieves information from another neuron or sensory receptor

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19
Q

excitatory

A

increasing the likelihood of depolarization (get more positive)

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20
Q

inhibitory

A

decreasing the liklihood of depolarization (get more negative)

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21
Q

local potential

A

only a specific part of the cell membrane depolarizes & the polarity in just that area shifts toward zero

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22
Q

action potential

A

abrupt depolarization of membrane that allows neuron to
communicate

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23
Q

all or none law

A

occurs at full strength or it does not occur at all

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24
Q

absolute refractory period

A

no matter what a second action potential will not occur

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25
relative refactory period
still resetting but a second action potential can be forced
26
rate law
how many action potentials are happening within a set amount of time
27
glial cells
cells that help hold neurons together help myelination which helps the conduction speed of action potentials
28
myelin
fatty tissue that wraps around the axon to insulate it, produced by glial cells
29
nodes of ranvier
gaps in the myelin sheath that lets the action potential travel along the acon much faster
30
oligodendrocytes
Glial cells which produce myelin in the brain and spinal cord, in the CNS
31
schwann cells
Glial cells which produce myelin in the rest of the nervous system, can only produce myelin one axon at a time, PNS
32
glial functions
radial glia, microglia, astrocytes
33
synapse
connection between two neurons
34
synaptic cleft
the small gap which separates neurons so they are not in direct physical contact at the synapse
35
presynaptic
transmitting neuron
36
postsynaptic
recieving neuron
37
vesicles
: membrane-enclose bubbles at axon terminals which store neurotransmitters
38
Ionotropic receptors
: receptors which form the ion channel and open quickly to produce the immediate reactions
39
Metabotropic receptors
receptors which open channels indirectly through a second messenger
40
Partial depolarization
depolarization which is excitatory and facilitates the occurrence of an action potential but not necessarily causing an action potential to occur
41
Hyperpolarization
increased polarization which is inhibitory and makes an action potential less likely to occur
42
spatial summation
combines potentials occurring simultaneously at different locations on the dendrites and cell body
43
temporal summation
combines potentials arriving a short time apart, from either the same or separate inputs
44
axodendritic
axon terminals are connected directly to a dendrite
45
axosomatic
axon terminals talks to the cell body directly
46
autoreceptors
receptors on presynaptic terminals that sense the amount of transmitter in cleft, too much and it will tell it to stop, too little and it will tell it to increase
47
dale's principle
false belief that a neuron was capable of releasing only a single transmitter
48
neurotransmitter release
corelease, cotransmission, release of different transmitters from various terminals
49
corelease
neurotransmitters are packaged in the same vesicle, but not at the same rate or in the same number
50
cotransmission
neurotransmitters are packaged in seperate vesicles
51
neural network
groups of neurons that function together
52
behavioral neuroscience
studies the relationships between behaviour and the body, specifically the brain
53
dualism
rene descartes - idea that the mind and brain are seperate
54
monism
idea that the mind and body consist of the same substance
55
materialistic monism
view that the body and mind and everything else are physical
56
empiricism
gethering information through observation
57
localization
specific areas of the brain carry out specific functions
58
equipotentiality
localization doesn't occur and there aren't special parts of the brain, everything does everything
59
heritability
% of the variation in a charateristic attributed to genetic factors, how much were you born with
60
vulnerability
genes contribute to predisposition for a disorder, higher chance of getting ex) disease if you have the gene for it but that doesn't mean you will actually get it

psych 275 (4 decks)

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