Chapter 3 Flashcards
Insect and Mite Pests of Ornamentals
Oranemental should be inspected regularly to detect ________ before they become numerous and cause significant damage
pests
Two major ways to identify ornamental pests: those with _________ and ______ mouthparts
sucking and chewing
Two basic types of insect development are _____ and ______ metamorphis
simple and complete metamorphis
In __________ metamorphis immature insects called nymphs, hatch from eggs. Usually they look like miniature copies of the adult. Nymphs have either have no wings or only partially formed wings which grow larger as the nymphs mature. Insects include aphids, grasshoppers, thrips, true bugs, and leafhoppers.
simple
Most insects undergo ____________ metamorphis which includes for distinct life stages. Examples include beetles, moths, and butterflies, moths and butterflies, flies, bees and ants
complete
The four life stages of metamorphis are: ____, ______, _____, and ____
egg, larva, pupa, and adult
_________ usually appear wormlike or grublike. Examples include caterpillars (moths and butterflies), grubs (beetles), and maggots (flies)
Larvae
A full grown larvae changes into a _______ that is in a sense a resting stage in that it does not move or feed. However, a number of fundamental changes occur.
pupa
When pupal stage is complete the ______ emerges.
Adult
Sucking pest that is small, soft-bodied insect that usually cluster on stems or undersides of terminal leaves. They may be green, red, or black or covered with a waxy coating. Honeydew is ____ excrement that is rich in sugars, can accumulate on foliage and support the growth of sooty mold. Feeding damage may appear as leaf puckering, curling, or twisting. Some ____ transmit plant diseases.
Aphids
Sucking pest that is similiar to aphid are insects that have a white wax covering. They occur only on conifers and in heavy infestations can kill young trees
Adelgids
Sucking pest that are small, soft-bodied and circular, oval or pear shaped. They are legless and motionless during most of their lives. Armored _____ such as the euonymus ______ have a waxy shell. Crawlers, immature _____ that search out feeding sites, molt after they begin feeding. The females lose their legs and often their antennae. They remain motionless thereafter. Infested plants lack vigor, appear sickly and may have sooty mold growing on honeydew. Soft _____ that lack a protective shell, produce honeydew. Crawlers are the easiest stage to control. Oil sprays control all stages. Insecticial soap control crawlers. Systemic insecticides are also available.
scales
Sucking pest are small, soft bodied, mobile throughout their life and covered with a white,, powdery, cottony, or waxy like material. They feed from stems and leaves, often stunting and killing plans. They deposit honeydew
Mealybugs
Sucking pest that small, powdery white, and and flutter like tiny moths when disturbed. Immatures resemeble scale insects and are usually found on the underside of leaves. Adults and nymphs suck sap from leaves causing lack of vigor, yellowing, wilting, and even plant death. Nymphs produce honeydew
Whiteflies
Sucking pest are tiny, slender insects that feed primarily on flowers and leaves. Adults are dark with lighter markings, immatures are lighter. Damaged foliage may be streaked and/or silvered. Damaged flowers may be deformed, have white streaks, or have brown edges, and buds may drop or fail to open. They migrate in the spring and may reinfest recently treated plants
Thrips
Sucking plant although not an insect damaged caused by them is similiar to that of insects. They are very small, have either legs and no wings. They vary widely in color, some spin webbing. Damaged foliage appears bronzed. Leaf drop and stunting may occur and the plant may die. Two-spotted spite___ attacks a wide range of plants
mite
Sucking pest that sucks sap from ornamental plants. They are medium-to large sized and occur in a wide variety of body forms and colors. Their feeding causes leaf yellowing and drop. Lace bugs and plant bugs are two of the most important types.
True bugs
Chewing bug that vary considerably in appearance and habits. A distinctive feature of adults is that their front wings are hard and leathery and meet in a straight line down the center of the back. They may attack any part of the plant. Some are leaf chewers and some are leaf miners or skeletonizers.
Beetles
_______ beetles with mouthparts resembling snouts, attack many shrubs and trees, decidous and coniferous. Bark beetles introduce an often fatal fungus to host conifer trees during egg laying activities.
Weevils
Beetle _______ do the most damage. Weevil ______ and flatheaded borers attack a variety of of shrubs and trees, feeding internally in trunks, branches and roots. Girdling results which may kill the plant some leafminers like the locust leafminer are ____
larvae
Chewing pest that are larvae of moths and butterflies. They range in size from tiny to several inches in length. They may be smooth, fuzzy, or spiny and come in an array of colors and color patterns. Most are foliage feeders. Most of these are have common names that refer to their special habits. Tent _______ are gregarious pests of trees which reside in silk webbing. Bagworms live on trees in movable shelters made of silk and plant materials. Skeletonizers and leafminers feed only on particular parts of leaves. Some ______ feed individually, some in groups or colonies.
Caterpillars
One group of small moths, the _________ moths, resembles wasps and has larvae that are borers of certain plants. Their feeding causes stress, decline and sometimes death. The dogwood borer, peachtree borer, and rhododendron borer are somem of the most important species
Clearwing moths
Chewing pest which is the larve of some of very small flies act as leafminers, feeding on the inner tissues of leaves. The mines may be serpentine or blotchy and many mines can occur on one leaf. Adult females also can damage leaves with their ovipositors (egg laying device) by repeatedly puncturing a leaf. Plants affected include boxwood holly and many herbaceous species, especially chrysanthemums
Leafmining flies
Chewing pest that is related to wasps, sawflies have larvae which resemble naked caterpillars. But their larave have more than five (usually 8) pairs of fleshy prolegs, while caterpillars have 5 or less. Most are foliage feeders that eat the entire leaf. Some are skeletonizers, other borers or leafminers. The most serious pests attack coniferous shrubs and trees. They feed in groups and defoliate a plant, sometimes killing it
Sawflies
Chewing pest that during feeding or egg laying by some insects and mites a chemical is injected into a plant by the pest causing the plant to grow abnormally and produce _________ . Each species of ______ forming insect or mite produces a characteristic gall on a certain part of a particular type of plant. They may have an opening to the outside or may be enclosed and each one may contain one to several ______ insects or mites. One group of very small wasps attacks most parts of many types of oak trees. The one on maples are caused by certain mites. Rarely is damage by _____ -producers severe. However if chemical control is warranted, application must be made prior to feeding or egg laying and in the initial stages of gall develeopment. No control measures are known for some of the most damagin twig ______ except removal of affected plant parts
Galls
_______ provides a ground cover for ornamental plants which suppresses weed development and conserves water, it can serve as a food source and/or harborage for some pests. Of particular concern are termites and carpenter ants. These pests may colonize wood mulch and then migrate to an adjacent structure, such as a house, to do damage. To prevent this, make sure wood ______ is at least 1 foot away from the structure foundation. Or use a non-wood ______ such as stone.
Mulch
Controlling pests of ornamental plants in _______ offer unique challenges and solutions. Because of the characteristics of most of these pests, vigilance is crucial. Although only a few species are serious pests, all are small and most grow and reproduce rapidly. Scales, whiteflies, mealybugs, fungus gnats, leafmining flies, spider mites, aphids, and thrips are the major groups of insect ane mite pests found in greenhouses.
Greenhouses
_______ _______ are delicate, dark-colored, mosquito like insects. Their larvae are thin, white maggots with black heads that infest potting media and feed on plant roots causing loss of color, wilting and foliage drop. The feeding damage may serve as an entryway for disease.
Fungus Gnats
Inspection of new plants, scouting existing plants visually and with sticky traps, sanitation and exclusion with screens are pest management techniques that can aid in the control of __________ pests. _________ conditions are often favorable for the use of biological and biorational controls.
Greenhouse
