Chapter 3

Question 0

Classical Conditioning

Answer 0

A process whereby one stimulus that does not elicit a certain response is associated with a second stimulus that does; as a result, the first stimulus also comes to elicit a response

Question 1

Backward Conditioning

Answer 1

Conditioning procedure in which the onset of the neural stimulus follows the onset of the unconditioned stimulus

Question 2

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 2

The response, often similar to the unconditioned response, that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus

Question 3

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 3

Any stimulus that, although initially neutral comes to elicit a response because it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 4

Delayed Conditioning

Answer 4

Conditioning procedure in which the onset of the neutral stimulus precedes the onset of the unconditioned stimulus, and the two stimuli overlap

Question 5

Dishabituation

Answer 5

The reappearance of a habituated response to a stimulus following the presentation of another, seemingly irrelevant novel stimulus

Question 6

Excitatory Conditioning

Answer 6

Conditioning procedure in which the neutral stimulus is associated with the presentation of a unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

Fixed Action Pattern

Answer 7

A fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus

Question 8

Flexion Response

Answer 8

The automatic response of jerking one’s hand or foot away from a hot or sharp object

Question 9

Habituation

Answer 9

A decrease in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus

Question 10

Inhibitory Conditioning

Answer 10

Conditioning procedure in which the neutral stimulus is associated with the absence or removal of an unconditioned stimulus

Question 11

Opponent-Process Theory

Answer 11

A theory proposing that an emotional event elicits two competing processes: (1) an A-process directly elicited by the event, and (2) a B-process and serves to counteract the A-process

Question 12

Orienting Response

Answer 12

The automatic positioning of oneself to facilitate attending to a stimulus

Question 13

Reflex

Answer 13

A relatively simple, involuntary response to a stimulus

Question 14

Reflex Arc

Answer 14

A neural structure that underlies many relfexes and consists of a sensory neuron, an interneuron, and a motor neuron

Question 15

Sensitization

Answer 15

An increase in the strength of an elicited response following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus

Question 16

Sign Stimulus (or Releaser)

Answer 16

A specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern

Question 17

Simultaneous Conditioning

Answer 17

Conditioning procedure in which the onset and offset of the neutral stimulus and the onset of the unconditioned stimulus are simultaneous

Question 18

Startle Response

Answer 18

A defensive reaction to a sudden, unexpected stimulus, which involves automatic tightening of skeletal muscles and various hormonal and visceral changes

Question 19

Trace Conditioning

Answer 19

Conditioning procedure in which the onset and offset of the neutral stimulus precede the onset of the unconditioned stimulus

Question 20

Unconditioned Response

Answer 20

The response that is naturally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus without any prior learning

Question 21

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 21

A stimulus that naturally elicits a response without any prior learning