Chapter 3: 3 claims, 4 validities Flashcards
variable
something that varies and must have at least 2 levels or values
constant
something that could potentially vary but has only one level in the study in question
measured variable (dependent variable)
a variable whose levels are observed and recorded
manipulated variable (independent variable)
a variable the researcher controls
construct/conceptual variables
the name of the concept being studied
operational definition
the specific way in which a concept of interest is measured or manipulated as a variable in a study
operationalization
to turn a conceptual definition of a variable into a specific measured or manipulated variable in order to conduct a research study
frequency claims
describe a particular rate or degree of a single variable
- how common or frequent something is
association claims
argues that one level of a variable is likely to be associated with a particular level of another variable
- states a relationship between 2+ variables
- correlation
causal claims
argues that one of the variables is responsible for the change in the other variable
3 criteria to support a causal claim
- the 2 variables must be correlated
- the cause variable must come first and outcome variable must come after
- the study must establish that no other explanation exists for the relationship
validity
refers to the appropriateness of a conclusion or decision and in general a valid claim is reasonable, accurate, and justifiable
construct validity
refers to how well a conceptual variable is operationalized, measured, and manipulated
generalizability
how well the results of a study can be generalized to a different population or situation
external validity
the extent to which a studies findings can be applied outside the context of that study