Chapter 3 Flashcards
Pull factor
Induces people to move into a new location
Push factor
Induces people to move out of their present location
What are the 3 major push/pull factors?
- economic
- cultural
- environmental
Why do most people migrate?
Because of economical push/pull factors
Name economic push factors
- few high paying job opportunities
- rapid population growth
Name economic pull factors
- available jobs with good salaries
- valuable natural resources
- new industries
- rapid population growth
Job prospects vary between…
countries and regions within countries
What regions are prominent destinations for economic migrants?
- USA
- Canada
When and why did Europeans migrate to North America?
- 19th century
- for “gold” but instead got economic advancements which also lured people from Latin America and Asia
What is an example of economic pull factors? (hint: Scotland and Ireland)
Scotland and Ireland have been recently attracting migrants after decades of net-out migration because of the discovery of petroleum off the coastlines of Scotland which provides jobs in the drilling/refining industries.
Name cultural push factors
- slavery
- political instability
- wars
Name cultural pull factors
- independence/freedom
What is an example of cultural push factors? (hint: slavery)
Millions of people were shipped to other countries as slaves or prisoners from Africa and the Western Hemisphere during the 18th and early 19th centuries.
Forced migration caused by slavery ended in…
the 20th century
What segregates ethnic groups?
Independent state boundaries which may result in wars
When were wars a large cultural push factor in migration?
20th and 21st centuries especially in Europe and Africa
Rufugee
Person who has been forced to migrate from their home and cannot return for fear of prosecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion
What are two examples of international refugees?
- Palestinians leaving Israel because of territorial wars
- Afghans leaving Afghanistan because of civil wars
What are two examples of internal refugees?
- 5.3 million Sudanese refugees due to the Sudanese civil wars
- 3 million Colombian refugees due to the drug lords in Colombia
What is an example of a cultural push factor? (hint: Berlin Wall)
During the 1940s, after Communists gained control of Eastern Europe, many people emigrated towards Western regions for democracies.
What is an example of a cultural pull factor? (hint: 1990s Europe)
During the 1990s, Europe elected a democratic government which resulted in fewer emigrants.
Name environmental push factors
- hazardous
- allergies
- adverse physical conditions
- lack of water
- severe droughts
Name environmental pull factors
- physically attractive
- allergies
People can live in environmentally attractive areas that are relatively remote and…
still not feel too isolated from employment, shopping, and entertainment opportunities.
Name examples of attractive environments for migrants
- mountains
- seasides
- warm climates
Name examples of areas people migrate to due to the attractive environmental pull there
- Rocky Mountains in Colorado
- Alps in Eastern France
- Southern coast of England
- Mediterranean coast of France
- Beaches in Florida
- Warm winters in Southern Spain
People with bronchitis, asthma, tuberculosis, and allergies have been…
pulled to Arizona by the dry desert climate which has ironically modified the environmental conditions there.
How much has the pollen count in Tucson increased since the 1940s?
3,500 percent and is now twice the national average
What 3 types of vegetation have been imported by migrants and banned in some communities because of their pollen count?
- mulberry tree
- olive tree
- Bermuda grass
Arizona’s recent experience shows that migration may…
no longer be the answer for people with allergies.
What is the most common environmental threat?
Either too much or too little water
Floodplain
The area subject to flooding during a specific number of years, based on historical trends
People living in the “100-year floodplain”…
can expect flooding on average once every century.
Where was the widespread flooding in 2005?
In New Orleans and other Gulf Coast communities following Hurricane Katrina.
How many forced migrations were a result of Hurricane Katrina?
Several hundred thousand
International migration
The permanent movement from one country to another
Internal migration Preston
Permanent meant within the same country
Facts about internal migration
- further away a place is located, the less migration there will be towards it
- there are less international migrants than internal migrants
Affects of internal migration
- less traumatic then international because of familiar language, food, culture, music, social customs, and broadcasts
- involves shorter distances unless the country is larger like USA or Russia
Interegional migration
- movement from one region to another within the country
- more common in the past to move from rural to urban in search of jobs but now it’s common to move from urban to environmentally attractive rural areas
Intraregional migration
- movement within a region
- usually within urban areas from older cities to newer suburbs
What are the two types of international migration?
1) Voluntary migration- migrant moves by choice for economic reasons
2) Forced migration - migrant compelled to move by cultural factors
What was Wilbur Zelinsky’s theory?
Migration transition - changes in migration patterns of a society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.
What happens during stage 2 of the migration transition?
- international and interregional
- rural to cites
- technological changes
What happens during stages 3 and 4 of the migration transition?
- intraregional internal migration
- destination of international immigrants
- cities to suburbs
What happens in stage 1 of the migration transition?
People are unlikely to migrate due to the high CDRs and high CBRs
Gender of migrants
- males are more likely to migrate long distances to other countries usually for work
- during the 19th to 20th century, 55% of immigrants were males but during the 1990s the roles reversed and 55% of immigrants were females
- Mexican immigrants have the most undocumented immigrants in the US: 1980s 85% males and 1990s 50% females
- changes in number of female immigrants is because of women’s role changes in Mexican society, women are no longer obligated to stay in rural areas and marry, now they are seeking jobs and reuniting with families in US
Family status of migrants:
- mostly young adults migrate long distances seeking jobs, only 5% are over age 65 and 40% are between ages 25-39
- 16% of immigrants are children under age 15, more women are migrating which has caused more children to migrate with their mothers
- Mexican immigrants average of 4 years in school) are more educated than Mexican citizens (by one year) but less educated than U.S. citizens
- most immigrants come from rural Mexican cities and not from bordering cities because of the integration of jobs with the U.S.
- Mexican immigrants come because they’d rather be payed very little in the U.S. than live in poverty in Mexico
- it’s easier for undocumented immigrants to find jobs in US because they can get payed less and won’t be provided with healthcare, retirement plans, and other benifits, also can be threatened with deportation so they work harder
- flow of immigration varies based on seasons, usually during fall, migrant workers work in U.S. until spring
What jobs do most Mexican immigrants look for?
- agriculture
- picking fruits and vegetables
- clothing and factories
