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AP Human Geography > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the most important energy source worldwide?

A

Biomass fuel

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1
Q

Which 3 substances provide 5/6ths of the world’s energy?

A
  • oil
    • natural gas
    • coal
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2
Q

List three examples of biomass fuel.

A
  • wood
    • plant material
    • animal waste
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3
Q

Define fossil fuel.

A

The residue of plants and animals that were buried millions of years ago.

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4
Q

When will petroleum, natural gas, and coal be brokered at the current rate of consumption?

A

In about 50 years

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5
Q

What are the 2 major sources of global instability in the world?

A
  • unequal possession

- consumption of fossil fuels

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6
Q

Who are the top producers of coal?

A
  • China

- USA

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7
Q

Who are the top producers of petroleum?

A
  • Saudi Arabia

- Iran

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8
Q

Who are the top producers of natural gas?

A
  • Russia

- USA

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9
Q

How much of the world’s population is MDCs?

A

1/4

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10
Q

How much of the world’s energy are consumed by MDCs?

A

3/4

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11
Q

What are the 2 sharp regional differences in energy consumption that have geographic consequences?

A
  • LDCs are consuming much more energy as they promote development and cope with high population growth
    • Because MDCs consume more energy than they produce, they must import more fossil fuels from LDCs
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12
Q

What’s wrong with natural gas?

A
  • increases by 7% every year
    • hard to transport
    • reserves are in relatively inaccessible locations
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13
Q

What is wrong with coal?

A
  • air pollution
    • mine safety
    • land subsidence
    • economics
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14
Q

What is OPEC?

A
  • Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
    • formed in 1960
    • Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, UAE, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, Angola
    • unify the petroleum policies and ensure the stabilization of oil markets in order to secure an efficient, economic, and regular, supply, of oil to consumers
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15
Q

What is the advantage if nuclear power?

A

There is a large amount of energy released from a small amount of material

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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of nuclear power?

A
  • potential accidents from nuclear
    • radioactive waste from nuclear
    • no one wants it in their community
    • bomb material from nuclear, weapons and can terminate human civilizations
    • limited uranium services
    • very expensive
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17
Q

What are the 3 non-metallic resources?

A
  • rock and earthen material
    • fertilizer
    • gemstones
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18
Q

Define ferrous.

A

Alloys used in the production of iron steel

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19
Q

What’s so special about iron?

A

Humans began making tools out of iron in 2000 BC

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20
Q

Where is iron concentrated in?

A
  • China
    • Brazil
    • Australia
21
Q

What are the major importers for iron?

A
  • Western Europe

- Japan

22
Q

What are common non-ferrous metals?

A
  • aluminum
    • copper
    • lead
    • zinc
    • silver
    • gold
    • platinum
23
Q

Define air pollution.

A

Concentration of trace substances at a greater level that occurs in average air

24
Q

What are the most common air pollutants?

A
  • carbon monoxide
    • sulfur dioxide
    • nitrogen oxides
    • hydrocarbons
    • solid particles
25
Q

What three human activities generate the most air pollution, and what gases do they emit?

A
  • motor vehicles: carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons
    • industry: sulfur dioxide
    • power plants: sulfur dioxide
26
Q

What is global warming?

A

When human actions cause Earth’s temperature to rise

27
Q

What has caused an increase in carbon dioxide I’m the air?

A

Increase of fossil fuel

28
Q

What is greenhouse effect?

A

The anticipated increase in Earth’s temperature caused by carbon dioxide trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface

29
Q

What are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) doing to the atmosphere?

A
  • polluting

- breaking down Earth’s protective layer

30
Q

How does acid precipitation affect the water and land?

A
  • by damaging lakes, and killing fish and plants

- by depriving nutrients from plants

31
Q

Where does acid precipitation occur most in the United States?

A

Eastern lakes

32
Q

Describe the situations going on in Eastern Europe and Russia.

A

Policies encourage factories and power plants to not use pollution controlled devices

33
Q

Why are urban areas the most populated regions?

A
  • b/c of the large number of factories, motor vehicles, and other pollutants
    • particles (dust and smoke)
34
Q

How does carbon monoxide harm us?

A

It reduces the level of oxygen in blood

35
Q

How do hydrocarbons harm us?

A

They cause respiratory problems

36
Q

How do particles harm us?

A

They cause a dark plume of smoke

37
Q

How does the weather affect air pollutants?

A

When it’s windy the wind disperses pollutants

38
Q

Why is Denver the worst city in the US for concentrations of carbon monoxide and particles?

A

B/c the Rocky Mountains trap the gases and makes a permanent temperature.

39
Q

Name two cities where there is severe air pollution and their reasons being.

A

Santiago - burning diesel fuel

Mexico City - dust from dirty streets

40
Q

How does water-using industries due water?

A

They use water when making steel, chemicals, paper products, and food processing

41
Q

How does municipal sewage use water?

A

Not all pollutants are removed from the water

42
Q

How does agriculture use water?

A

By fertilizers and pesticide sprays that get carried into the lakes and rivers

43
Q

How does biochemical oxygen demand affect aquatic life?

A

The oxygen consumed by the decomposing organic waste

44
Q

How does DDT affect aquatic life?

A

Salmon becomes unfit to eat

45
Q

How do factories and power plants affect aquatic life?

A

The fish aren’t able to adapt to the warmer water

46
Q

What is the difference between MDCs and LDCs in the way of water treatment?

A

Usually MDCs have more sewer systems to clean the water

47
Q

How much solid waste per person gets recycled?

A

50%

48
Q

What are the two ways of disposing solid waste and what is wrong with these methods?

A
  • sanitary landfills: more pollutants are dispersed into the air
    • incineration: releases some toxins into the air
49
Q

Why is disposing hazardous waste difficult?

A

Because they include heavy metals

AP Human Geography (5 decks)

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