Chapter 3

Question 1

Four emergent properties of water

Answer 1

Cohesion, temperature moderation, expansion upon freezing and the solvent of life

Question 2

Cohesion

Answer 2

The attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding

Question 3

Adhesion

Answer 3

The clinging of one substance to another

Question 4

Surface tension

Answer 4

A measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid

Question 5

Kinetic energy

Answer 5

The energy of motion

Question 6

Thermal energy

Answer 6

The energy in a system due to its temperature. The kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules

Question 7

Temperature

Answer 7

A measure of energy that represents the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter

Question 8

Heat

Answer 8

Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another

Question 9

Calorie (cal)

Answer 9

The amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C.

1 cal = 4.184 J (joules)

Question 10

Specific heat

Answer 10

The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C

Question 11

Heat of vaporization

Answer 11

The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state

Question 12

Evaporative cooling

Answer 12

As a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down (its temperature decreases)

Question 13

Solution

Answer 13

A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Question 14

Solvent

Answer 14

The dissolving agent of a solution

Question 15

Solute

Answer 15

The substance that is dissolved in a solution

Question 16

Aqueous solution

Answer 16

A solution in which the solute is dissolved in water

Question 17

Hydration shell

Answer 17

The sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion

Question 18

Hydrophilic

Answer 18

Any substance that has an affinity for water

Question 19

Hydrophobic

Answer 19

A substance that is repelled by water

Question 20

Molecular mass

Answer 20

The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule

Question 21

Mole (mol)

Answer 21

An exact number of objects: 6.02 * 10^23 (Avogadro’s number). There are exactly so many daltons in one gram.

Question 22

Molarity

Answer 22

The number of moles of solute per liter of solution

Question 23

Acid

Answer 23

a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution (hydrochloric acid)

Question 24

Base

Answer 24

A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution (sodium hydroxide)

Question 25

Acid rain

Answer 25

Rain that is acidic (pH below 5.2)

Question 26

Ocean acidification

Answer 26

When CO2 dissolves in seawater, it reacts with water to

form carbonic acid, which lowers ocean pH