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Campbell Biology 10ed > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolution

A

The process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today

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2
Q

Biology

A

The scientific study of life

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3
Q

Life (7)

A 
Order
Energy processing
Growth and development
Evolutionary adaptation
Response to environment
Regulation 
Reproduction
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4
Q

Five unifying themes of life

A 
Organization
Information
Energy and matter
Interactions 
Evolution
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5
Q

Levels of biological organization (12)

A

Biosphere > Ecosystem > Community > Population > Organism > Organ system > Organ > Tissue > Cell > Organelle > Molecule > Atom

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6
Q

The Biosphere

A

consists of all life on Earth and all the places where life exists

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7
Q

Ecosystem

A

consists of all the living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts, such as soil, water, atmospheric gases, and light

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8
Q

Community

A

The array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem

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9
Q

Population

A

consists of all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area

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10
Q

Organism

A

Individual living thing

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11
Q

Organ system

A

A team of organs that cooperate in a larger function

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12
Q

Organ

A

A body part that carries out a particular function in the body

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13
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells that work together, performing a

specialized function

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14
Q

Cell

A

Life’s fundamental unit of structure and function. The smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life

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15
Q

Organelle

A

A functional component present in cells

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16
Q

Molecule

A

A chemical structure consisting of two or more atoms

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17
Q

Atom

A

The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

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18
Q

Reductionism

A

reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

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19
Q

Emergent properties

A

New properties that emerge due to the arrangement and interactions of simpler parts

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20
Q

Systems biology

A

The exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts

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21
Q

Structure and Function

A

At each level of the biological hierarchy, structure is correlated to function

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22
Q

Two types of cells

A

Eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells

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23
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

contains membrane-enclosed organelles (such as the nucleus)

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24
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

lacks a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles and are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells

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25
Q

Chromosome

A

is made out of DNA and contains genetic information

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26
Q

Gene

A

A section of the DNA of a chromosome. It is the unit of inheritance

27
Q

DNA molecule

A

is made up of two long strands, arranged in a double helix. Each strand is made up of four nucleotides (A, T, C, and G)

28
Q

Gene expression

A

The process, by which a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product (translation and transcription)

29
Q

Genome

A

The entire “library” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits

30
Q

DNA replication

A

The process of copying a DNA molecule

31
Q

Transcription

A

The process of copying DNA into mRNA

32
Q

Translation

A

The process of creating a protein from mRNA

33
Q

Genomics

A

The study of whole sets of genes

34
Q

Proteome

A

The entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell or group of cells

35
Q

Proteomics

A

the study of sets of proteins and their properties

36
Q

Bioinformatics

A

The use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that results from high-throughput methods

37
Q

Producers

A

convert energy from sunlight to chemical energy

38
Q

Consumers

A

feed on producers and other consumers

39
Q

Energy flow and chemical cycling

A

energy flows one way “through” an ecosystem (usually entering as light and exiting as heat). In contrast, chemicals are recycled “within” an ecosystem

40
Q

Feedback regulation

A

The output, or product, of a process regulates that very process

41
Q

Negative feedback

A

The end product “slows down” its own production (Insulin production). The most common type of feedback.

42
Q

Positive feedback

A

The end product “speeds up” its own production (Blood clotting)

43
Q

Number of species

A

1.8 million identified and named to date. Estimates range from about 10 million to over 100 million

44
Q

Taxonomy

A

The branch of biology that names and classifies species. The classification of organisms in an ordered system that indicates natural relationships

45
Q

Domains (3)

A

The highest level of taxanomic classification. Domain Archaea and Bacteria(most diverse and numerous) are prokaryotes. Domain Eukarya are eukaryotes

46
Q

Kingdoms of domain Eukarya

A

Plantae, Animalia and Fungi are multicellular. Protists (most diverse and numerous eukaryotes) are unicellular.

47
Q

Distinguish between plants, animals and fungi

A

These three kingdoms are distinguished partly by their modes of nutrition. Plants produce their own food by photosynthesis, fungi absorb dissolved nutrients from their surroundings, and animals obtain food by eating other organisms (ingestion).

48
Q

Unity in the Diversity of Life

A

As diverse as life is, it also displays remarkable unity. E.g. the similar skeletons of different vertebrate animals and the universal genetic language of DNA

49
Q

Science

A

A way of knowing—an approach to understanding

the natural world

50
Q

Inquiry

A

A search for information and explanations of natural phenomena

51
Q

Scientific method (process)

A 
Observation
Hypothesis
Prediction
Experimentation
Conclusion
52
Q

Data

A

Recorded observations

53
Q

Qualitative vs. quantitative data

A

Qualitative data are in the form of recorded descriptions. Quantitative data record numerical measurements.

54
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

To derive generalizations from a large number of specific observations

55
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

From general premises, we extrapolate to the specific results we should expect if the premises are true

56
Q

Hypothesis

A

A tentative answer to a wellframed question—an explanation on trial.

A proposed explanation for a phenomenon

57
Q

Experiment

A

A scientific test (of an hypothesis), carried out under controlled conditions

58
Q

Variables

A

Factors that vary in an experiment

59
Q

Controlled experiment

A

An experiment that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group. Ideally,
the experimental and control groups are designed to
differ only in the one factor the experiment is testing

60
Q

Independent variable

A

The factor manipulated by experimenters

61
Q

Dependent variable

A

A factor that is measured in the experiment and dependent on the independent variable

62
Q

Control group

A

A group used in an experiment to cancel out the effects of different variables not currently tested. If a difference in still observed between the groups, it must be due to the one variable that the control group differs.

63
Q

Theory

A

An explanation that is very broad in scope, generates new hypotheses and is supported by a large body of evidence

64
Q

Natural selection

A

The evolutionary mechanism for descent with
modification.

Obervations:
1) Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of which seem to be heritable. 2) A population can produce far more offspring than can survive on the limited resources; therefore, competition is inevitable. 3) Species are generally adapted to their environments

Campbell Biology 10ed (3 decks)

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