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Campbell Biology 10ed > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution

A

The process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today

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2
Q

Biology

A

The scientific study of life

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3
Q

Life (7)

A 
Order
Energy processing
Growth and development
Evolutionary adaptation
Response to environment
Regulation 
Reproduction
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4
Q

Five unifying themes of life

A 
Organization
Information
Energy and matter
Interactions 
Evolution
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5
Q

Levels of biological organization (12)

A

Biosphere > Ecosystem > Community > Population > Organism > Organ system > Organ > Tissue > Cell > Organelle > Molecule > Atom

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6
Q

The Biosphere

A

consists of all life on Earth and all the places where life exists

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7
Q

Ecosystem

A

consists of all the living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts, such as soil, water, atmospheric gases, and light

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8
Q

Community

A

The array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem

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9
Q

Population

A

consists of all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area

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10
Q

Organism

A

Individual living thing

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11
Q

Organ system

A

A team of organs that cooperate in a larger function

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12
Q

Organ

A

A body part that carries out a particular function in the body

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13
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells that work together, performing a

specialized function

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14
Q

Cell

A

Life’s fundamental unit of structure and function. The smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life

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15
Q

Organelle

A

A functional component present in cells

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16
Q

Molecule

A

A chemical structure consisting of two or more atoms

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17
Q

Atom

A

The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

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18
Q

Reductionism

A

reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

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19
Q

Emergent properties

A

New properties that emerge due to the arrangement and interactions of simpler parts

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20
Q

Systems biology

A

The exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts

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21
Q

Structure and Function

A

At each level of the biological hierarchy, structure is correlated to function

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22
Q

Two types of cells

A

Eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells

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23
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

contains membrane-enclosed organelles (such as the nucleus)

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24
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

lacks a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles and are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells

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25
Chromosome
is made out of DNA and contains genetic information
26
Gene
A section of the DNA of a chromosome. It is the unit of inheritance
27
DNA molecule
is made up of two long strands, arranged in a double helix. Each strand is made up of four nucleotides (A, T, C, and G)
28
Gene expression
The process, by which a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product (translation and transcription)
29
Genome
The entire “library” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits
30
DNA replication
The process of copying a DNA molecule
31
Transcription
The process of copying DNA into mRNA
32
Translation
The process of creating a protein from mRNA
33
Genomics
The study of whole sets of genes
34
Proteome
The entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell or group of cells
35
Proteomics
the study of sets of proteins and their properties
36
Bioinformatics
The use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that results from high-throughput methods
37
Producers
convert energy from sunlight to chemical energy
38
Consumers
feed on producers and other consumers
39
Energy flow and chemical cycling
energy flows one way "through" an ecosystem (usually entering as light and exiting as heat). In contrast, chemicals are recycled "within" an ecosystem
40
Feedback regulation
The output, or product, of a process regulates that very process
41
Negative feedback
The end product "slows down" its own production (Insulin production). The most common type of feedback.
42
Positive feedback
The end product "speeds up" its own production (Blood clotting)
43
Number of species
1.8 million identified and named to date. Estimates range from about 10 million to over 100 million
44
Taxonomy
The branch of biology that names and classifies species. The classification of organisms in an ordered system that indicates natural relationships
45
Domains (3)
The highest level of taxanomic classification. Domain Archaea and Bacteria(most diverse and numerous) are prokaryotes. Domain Eukarya are eukaryotes
46
Kingdoms of domain Eukarya
Plantae, Animalia and Fungi are multicellular. Protists (most diverse and numerous eukaryotes) are unicellular.
47
Distinguish between plants, animals and fungi
These three kingdoms are distinguished partly by their modes of nutrition. Plants produce their own food by photosynthesis, fungi absorb dissolved nutrients from their surroundings, and animals obtain food by eating other organisms (ingestion).
48
Unity in the Diversity of Life
As diverse as life is, it also displays remarkable unity. E.g. the similar skeletons of different vertebrate animals and the universal genetic language of DNA
49
Science
A way of knowing—an approach to understanding | the natural world
50
Inquiry
A search for information and explanations of natural phenomena
51
Scientific method (process)
``` Observation Hypothesis Prediction Experimentation Conclusion ```
52
Data
Recorded observations
53
Qualitative vs. quantitative data
Qualitative data are in the form of recorded descriptions. Quantitative data record numerical measurements.
54
Inductive reasoning
To derive generalizations from a large number of specific observations
55
Deductive reasoning
From general premises, we extrapolate to the specific results we should expect if the premises are true
56
Hypothesis
A tentative answer to a wellframed question—an explanation on trial. A proposed explanation for a phenomenon
57
Experiment
A scientific test (of an hypothesis), carried out under controlled conditions
58
Variables
Factors that vary in an experiment
59
Controlled experiment
An experiment that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group. Ideally, the experimental and control groups are designed to differ only in the one factor the experiment is testing
60
Independent variable
The factor manipulated by experimenters
61
Dependent variable
A factor that is measured in the experiment and dependent on the independent variable
62
Control group
A group used in an experiment to cancel out the effects of different variables not currently tested. If a difference in still observed between the groups, it must be due to the one variable that the control group differs.
63
Theory
An explanation that is very broad in scope, generates new hypotheses and is supported by a large body of evidence
64
Natural selection
The evolutionary mechanism for descent with modification. Obervations: 1) Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of which seem to be heritable. 2) A population can produce far more offspring than can survive on the limited resources; therefore, competition is inevitable. 3) Species are generally adapted to their environments

Campbell Biology 10ed (3 decks)

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