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Campbell Biology 10ed > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space

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2
Q

Element (92 naturally occurring elements)

A

A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions. (92 naturally occurring elements)

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3
Q

Compound

A

A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

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4
Q

Essential elements (20 - 25% of elements)

A

Elements that an organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduce. Humans require 25 elements

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5
Q

Trace elements

A

Elements required by an organism in only minute quantities. Iron (all forms of life) Iodine (thyroid gland)

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6
Q

96% of living matter

A

Just four elements—oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen

(H), and nitrogen (N). COHN

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7
Q

Subatomic particles

A

Neutrons (neutral), protons (positive) and electrons (negative)

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8
Q

Atomic nucleus

A

The dense (positively charged) core at the center of an atom that contains neutrons and protons.

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9
Q

Dalton

A

A unit of mass a.k.a as amu (atomic mass unit). Protons and neutrons have masses close to 1 dalton. The mass of an electron is 1/2000 of a dalton.

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10
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in an atom of a specific element. All atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons in their nuclei. Subscript to the left

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11
Q

Mass number

A

The sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. Superscript to the left

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12
Q

Atomic mass

A

The total mass of an atom, close to its mass number (weighted average)

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13
Q

Isotopes

A

Different atoms of the same element that have different number of neutrons

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14
Q

Radioactive isotope

A

An isotope in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy which can transform the atom to an atom of a different element

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15
Q

Radioactive tracer

A

Radioactive isotopes that are incorporated into biologically active molecules, which are then used as tracers to track atoms during metabolism, the chemical processes of an organism

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16
Q

Half-life

A

The time it takes for 50% of the parent isotope to decay into its daughter isotope

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17
Q

Radiometric dating

A

Technique used to date materials by measuring the ratio of different isotopes present in the sample

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18
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work

19
Q

Potential energy

A

The energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

20
Q

Valence electrons

A

The electrons in the outermost electron shell

21
Q

Valence shell

A

The outermost electron shell

22
Q

Noble gases

A

Gases that have completed valence shells. They are chemically inert

23
Q

Electron shell

A

An orbit of electrons with a particular energy level and average distance from the nucleus

24
Q

Chemical bond

A

An attraction between atoms that binds them together

25
Q

Covalent bond

A

The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

26
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

27
Q

Single bond

A

One pair of shared electrons

28
Q

Double bond

A

Two pairs of shared electrons

29
Q

Valence

A

The bonding capacity of an atom which usually equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the valence shell

30
Q

Electronegativity

A

The attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

31
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

A covalent bond whose electrons are not shared equally between the atoms giving each atom a partial charge

32
Q

Ion

A

A charged atom or molecule that has gained or lost an electron

33
Q

Cation

A

A positively charged atom or molecule

34
Q

Anion

A

A negatively charged atom or molecule

35
Q

Salt

A

Ionic compound. Compound formed by ionic bonds

36
Q

Ionic bond

A

The attraction between two oppositely charged ions. An ionic bond can form when one atom transfers an electron to another atom

37
Q

Weak bonds

A

Ionic bonds between ions dissociated in water, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals bonds. Weak bonds reinforce the three dimensional shape of large molecules (proteins)

38
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

The attraction between an hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom

39
Q

Van der Waals interactions

A

The charges that result in an atom by the random accumulation of electrons in one region

40
Q

Chemical reaction

A

Involves the forming or breaking of a chemical bond

41
Q

Reactant

A

A starting material in a chemical reaction

42
Q

Product

A

The product of a chemical reaction

43
Q

Chemical equilibrium

A

The forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate. It is a dynamic equilibrium

Campbell Biology 10ed (3 decks)

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