Chapter 3

Question 1

ATP

Answer 1

Chemical compound that breaks down to release the energy responsible for muscle contraction

Question 2

Coenzyme

Answer 2

Organic compound that acts with an enzyme to alter the rate of a reaction.

Question 3

Cofactors

Answer 3

Non-protein, additional component that is essential for the normal functioning of some enzymes.

Question 4

Endergonic

Answer 4

Refers to a chemical reaction that is energy requiring.

Question 5

Exergonic

Answer 5

Refers to a chemical reaction that is energy releasing.

Question 6

Active Site

Answer 6

The region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.

Question 7

Rational drug design

Answer 7

Construction of a drug to fit the active site of a molecule so that the natural action of the molecule cannot occur.

Question 8

Grana

Answer 8

Stacks of membranes on which chlorophyll is located in chloroplasts.

Question 9

Stroma

Answer 9

In chloroplasts, the semi fluid substance between the grana. It contains enzymes for some of the reactions of photosynthesis.

Question 10

Calvin Cycle

Answer 10

Cycle of reactions occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts in the light-independent stage of photosynthesis during which carbon dioxide is progressively reduced to sugar.

Question 11

Chlorophyll

Answer 11

Green pigment required for photosynthesis that traps the radiant energy of sunlight.

Question 12

Light-dependent reactions

Answer 12

Reactions in photosynthesis that occur in the grana of chloroplasts and result in light energy being converted to chemical energy.

Question 13

Light-independent reactions

Answer 13

The second series of reactions in photosynthesis, occur in the stroma of chloroplasts and follow light-dependent reactions. Involves carbon dioxide fixation and production od carbohydrate.

Question 14

Cellular respiration

Answer 14

Process of transferring energy present in organic compounds to a form useable by cells, typically ATP.

Question 15

Glycolysis

Answer 15

1st stage of respiration in which one 6C glucose molecule is broken down to two 3C compounds.

Question 16

Electron transport

Answer 16

3rd stage of respiration in which electrons are transferred along a series of compounds known at cytochromes to be finally accepted by oxygen. Energy released during this process results in the major yield of ATP.

Question 17

NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

Answer 17

Coenzyme that in metabolic reactions accepts protons and electrons from one compound and transfers them to another. It is the acceptor molecule in cellular respiration reactions.

Question 18

Fermentation

Answer 18

Process of anaerobic respiration in yeast that results in alcohol formation.

Question 19

Krebs Cycle

Answer 19

2nd stage of respiration , occurring mainly in mitochondria, in which pyruvate is broken down to carbon dioxide.

Question 20

Gene therapy

Answer 20

Introduction into a tissue or organ of specific DNA to replace or compensate for a defective disease-causing allele.