Chapter 3 Flashcards
ATP
Chemical compound that breaks down to release the energy responsible for muscle contraction
Coenzyme
Organic compound that acts with an enzyme to alter the rate of a reaction.
Cofactors
Non-protein, additional component that is essential for the normal functioning of some enzymes.
Endergonic
Refers to a chemical reaction that is energy requiring.
Exergonic
Refers to a chemical reaction that is energy releasing.
Active Site
The region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.
Rational drug design
Construction of a drug to fit the active site of a molecule so that the natural action of the molecule cannot occur.
Grana
Stacks of membranes on which chlorophyll is located in chloroplasts.
Stroma
In chloroplasts, the semi fluid substance between the grana. It contains enzymes for some of the reactions of photosynthesis.
Calvin Cycle
Cycle of reactions occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts in the light-independent stage of photosynthesis during which carbon dioxide is progressively reduced to sugar.
Chlorophyll
Green pigment required for photosynthesis that traps the radiant energy of sunlight.
Light-dependent reactions
Reactions in photosynthesis that occur in the grana of chloroplasts and result in light energy being converted to chemical energy.
Light-independent reactions
The second series of reactions in photosynthesis, occur in the stroma of chloroplasts and follow light-dependent reactions. Involves carbon dioxide fixation and production od carbohydrate.
Cellular respiration
Process of transferring energy present in organic compounds to a form useable by cells, typically ATP.
Glycolysis
1st stage of respiration in which one 6C glucose molecule is broken down to two 3C compounds.
Electron transport
3rd stage of respiration in which electrons are transferred along a series of compounds known at cytochromes to be finally accepted by oxygen. Energy released during this process results in the major yield of ATP.
NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
Coenzyme that in metabolic reactions accepts protons and electrons from one compound and transfers them to another. It is the acceptor molecule in cellular respiration reactions.
Fermentation
Process of anaerobic respiration in yeast that results in alcohol formation.
Krebs Cycle
2nd stage of respiration , occurring mainly in mitochondria, in which pyruvate is broken down to carbon dioxide.
Gene therapy
Introduction into a tissue or organ of specific DNA to replace or compensate for a defective disease-causing allele.
