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Spring '14 SPHP 148 (Research) > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

0
Q

What is a research design?

A

Tactics used to carry out the strategy

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1
Q

What is a research strategy?

A

is the general plan of attack whereas the specific tactics used to carry out the strategy constitute the research design

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2
Q

T/F Quantitative research is: “time-honored method of empirical investigation”

A

True!

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3
Q

Describe quantitative research

A
  • observations can be measured
  • Results expressed numerically
  • define phenomena, investigate casual relations or associations
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4
Q

Empirical research is concerned with the relationships among _______

A

variables

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5
Q

What is qualitative research?

A

Analyzing concrete cases:

  • temporal
  • local particularity
  • beginning with people’s expression’s & activities within their own context
  • Ex. Feminism–the personal is political
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6
Q

When a characteristic does not vary, it is called a ______

A

constant

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7
Q

T/F variables must vary

A

True

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8
Q

The _______ variable is the presumed ______ of the ______ variable, the presumed ________

A

Independent variable; cause; dependent variable; effect

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9
Q

The independent variables are

A

the conditions that cause change in behavior
there is only ONE
what is manipulated during the experiment
what the investigator thinks will affect the dependent variable

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10
Q

The dependent variables are

A

the behavior that is changed
may be more than one
what will be measured; what the investigator thinks will be affected during the experiment

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11
Q

Name the dependent and independent variables: Cancer rates for women taking the beta-carotene supplement did not differ systematically from the cancer rates of those women taking the placebo

A

Independent variable: beta ceratone or placebo

Dependent variable: occurrence of cancer

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12
Q

The intervening factor is called a ______

A

nuisance or extraneous variable

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13
Q

What is a extraneous/confounding variables ?

A
  • also known as 3rd variable or a mediator variable, can adversely affect the relation between the independent variable and dependent variable
  • this may cause the researcher to analyze the results incorrectly
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14
Q

The results due to a extraneous variable can show a ______ correlation between the dependent and independent variables

A

false

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15
Q

T/F causation does not equal correlation

A

True

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16
Q

How can you control extraneous variables?

A
  • you must consider these variables when setting up your research strategy
  • you must demonstrate that IVs were responsible for DVs
  • You can’t account for all error but must consider impact of extraneous variables on outcomes
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17
Q

T/F another problem that researchers face when discussing cause-effect relations among variables is tied to the distinction between experimental and descriptive research

A

True

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18
Q

What is an active variable vs a attribute variable

A

Active= IV that can be manipulated (the volume of coffee consumed)
Attribute=cannot be manipulated (sex, age, IQ)

19
Q

The important point is that independent variable in an ______ is active—it can be manipulated in some way by an experimenter to see what effect it has on a dependent variable

A

experiment

20
Q

However, the independent variable in _____ is an attribute, it cannot be manipulated by the researcher to see what effect is has on the dependent variable

A

descriptive research

21
Q

What is a continuous variable?

A

measured along a continuum or dimension that reflects atleast the rank ordering of values of the variable i.e. intensity of a tone, stuttering frequency

22
Q

What is categorical (discrete) variable?

A

different values can only be named, they have no numerical value i.e. stutterers or non-stutterers, sex, race, level of education

23
Q

When graphing the change in a dependent variable as a function of changes in a continuous independent variable you use ____ graph

A

line graph

24
Q

When graphing the change in a dependent variable as a function of changes in a categorial independent variable you use

A

bar graph

25
Q

Experimental research _____ control. And is the strongest and most reliable technique

A

maintains

26
Q

In experimental research there are three kinds of experiments, what are they?

A

bivalent,multivalent, and parameter experiments

27
Q

Bivalent research is what?

A

studies the effects of two values of one independent variable on the dependent varible

1 IV and 1 DV

i.e. intensity of two tones

28
Q

What is multivalent ?

A

the experimenter studies the effects of several values of the independent variable on the dependent variable

the independent variable is manipulated in a manner that allows for atleast 3 values of the independent variable to be presented to the subjects

29
Q

what is parametric experiments?

A

experimenter studies the simultaneous effects of more than one IV on DV

the second IV is called a parameter variable

it is rare to find a single IV that can account for the entire cause for change in any DV

30
Q

T/F it is important to design experiments that examine simultaneous effects of many relevant IVs that may cause change to DV

A

True

31
Q

Descriptive research is used to observe: ________, ________, or ________, among variables that can be measured

A

group differences, developmental trends, or relationships

32
Q

descriptive research provides a empirical picture that was observed at ______… or… of observed changes _____ time without manipulation of IVs

A

one time; over time

33
Q

T/F descriptive research doesn’t fit neatly into quantitative and qualitative

A

True, it tells what is, inferential determine cause

Does not lead to cause-effect statement

Finding “what is” i.e. do teachers hold favorable attitudes toward using computers in schools?”

34
Q

T/F descriptive research is interested in behaviors as they occur naturally

A

true, the attribute variables cannot be manipulated

35
Q

T/F Classification & predictor variable are similar to IVs

A

True

36
Q

T/F criterion and predictED variables are similar to dependent variables

A

True

37
Q

T/F Speech language therapy typically uses combination of experimental and descriptive

A

True

38
Q

Define systematic review

A

Comprehensive overview of the research literature that addresses a specific clinical question

39
Q

Define developmental research

A

measure changes in behavior or characteristics of people over time, usually to measure aging

physiological development of breathing in infants

40
Q

Developmental research has crosse-sectional, longitudinal, semi-longitudinal explain

A

Cross-sectional: subjects varying age groups

longitudinal: follow same subjects over time

semi-longitudinal: divide total age span into several overlapping age spans

41
Q

Define correlational research

A

study the relationship among two or more variables by examining the degree in which changes in one variable correspond with or can be predicted from variations in another

42
Q

what types of correlations can you develop?

A

-positive, negative, zero correlation

43
Q

Define survey research

A

provides a detailed inspection of the prevalence of conditions, practices, or attitudes in a given environment by asking people about them rather than observing them

use samples of populations

44
Q

Retrospective research definition

A

examination of data on file before the formulation of a research question

clinic records, test data in an IEP, audiograms

45
Q

T/F it is difficult to classify research articles into mutually exclusive categories of research strategies

A

True, many studies are combination of experimental and descriptive strategy

46
Q

Experimental in that IVs are manipulated on subjects that differ on _________ variables

A

classification

Spring '14 SPHP 148 (Research) (9 decks)

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