Chapter 3 Flashcards
What is a research design?
Tactics used to carry out the strategy
What is a research strategy?
is the general plan of attack whereas the specific tactics used to carry out the strategy constitute the research design
T/F Quantitative research is: “time-honored method of empirical investigation”
True!
Describe quantitative research
- observations can be measured
- Results expressed numerically
- define phenomena, investigate casual relations or associations
Empirical research is concerned with the relationships among _______
variables
What is qualitative research?
Analyzing concrete cases:
- temporal
- local particularity
- beginning with people’s expression’s & activities within their own context
- Ex. Feminism–the personal is political
When a characteristic does not vary, it is called a ______
constant
T/F variables must vary
True
The _______ variable is the presumed ______ of the ______ variable, the presumed ________
Independent variable; cause; dependent variable; effect
The independent variables are
the conditions that cause change in behavior
there is only ONE
what is manipulated during the experiment
what the investigator thinks will affect the dependent variable
The dependent variables are
the behavior that is changed
may be more than one
what will be measured; what the investigator thinks will be affected during the experiment
Name the dependent and independent variables: Cancer rates for women taking the beta-carotene supplement did not differ systematically from the cancer rates of those women taking the placebo
Independent variable: beta ceratone or placebo
Dependent variable: occurrence of cancer
The intervening factor is called a ______
nuisance or extraneous variable
What is a extraneous/confounding variables ?
- also known as 3rd variable or a mediator variable, can adversely affect the relation between the independent variable and dependent variable
- this may cause the researcher to analyze the results incorrectly
The results due to a extraneous variable can show a ______ correlation between the dependent and independent variables
false
T/F causation does not equal correlation
True
How can you control extraneous variables?
- you must consider these variables when setting up your research strategy
- you must demonstrate that IVs were responsible for DVs
- You can’t account for all error but must consider impact of extraneous variables on outcomes
T/F another problem that researchers face when discussing cause-effect relations among variables is tied to the distinction between experimental and descriptive research
True
What is an active variable vs a attribute variable
Active= IV that can be manipulated (the volume of coffee consumed)
Attribute=cannot be manipulated (sex, age, IQ)
The important point is that independent variable in an ______ is active—it can be manipulated in some way by an experimenter to see what effect it has on a dependent variable
experiment
However, the independent variable in _____ is an attribute, it cannot be manipulated by the researcher to see what effect is has on the dependent variable
descriptive research
What is a continuous variable?
measured along a continuum or dimension that reflects atleast the rank ordering of values of the variable i.e. intensity of a tone, stuttering frequency
What is categorical (discrete) variable?
different values can only be named, they have no numerical value i.e. stutterers or non-stutterers, sex, race, level of education
When graphing the change in a dependent variable as a function of changes in a continuous independent variable you use ____ graph
line graph
When graphing the change in a dependent variable as a function of changes in a categorial independent variable you use
bar graph
Experimental research _____ control. And is the strongest and most reliable technique
maintains
In experimental research there are three kinds of experiments, what are they?
bivalent,multivalent, and parameter experiments
Bivalent research is what?
studies the effects of two values of one independent variable on the dependent varible
1 IV and 1 DV
i.e. intensity of two tones
What is multivalent ?
the experimenter studies the effects of several values of the independent variable on the dependent variable
the independent variable is manipulated in a manner that allows for atleast 3 values of the independent variable to be presented to the subjects
what is parametric experiments?
experimenter studies the simultaneous effects of more than one IV on DV
the second IV is called a parameter variable
it is rare to find a single IV that can account for the entire cause for change in any DV
T/F it is important to design experiments that examine simultaneous effects of many relevant IVs that may cause change to DV
True
Descriptive research is used to observe: ________, ________, or ________, among variables that can be measured
group differences, developmental trends, or relationships
descriptive research provides a empirical picture that was observed at ______… or… of observed changes _____ time without manipulation of IVs
one time; over time
T/F descriptive research doesn’t fit neatly into quantitative and qualitative
True, it tells what is, inferential determine cause
Does not lead to cause-effect statement
Finding “what is” i.e. do teachers hold favorable attitudes toward using computers in schools?”
T/F descriptive research is interested in behaviors as they occur naturally
true, the attribute variables cannot be manipulated
T/F Classification & predictor variable are similar to IVs
True
T/F criterion and predictED variables are similar to dependent variables
True
T/F Speech language therapy typically uses combination of experimental and descriptive
True
Define systematic review
Comprehensive overview of the research literature that addresses a specific clinical question
Define developmental research
measure changes in behavior or characteristics of people over time, usually to measure aging
physiological development of breathing in infants
Developmental research has crosse-sectional, longitudinal, semi-longitudinal explain
Cross-sectional: subjects varying age groups
longitudinal: follow same subjects over time
semi-longitudinal: divide total age span into several overlapping age spans
Define correlational research
study the relationship among two or more variables by examining the degree in which changes in one variable correspond with or can be predicted from variations in another
what types of correlations can you develop?
-positive, negative, zero correlation
Define survey research
provides a detailed inspection of the prevalence of conditions, practices, or attitudes in a given environment by asking people about them rather than observing them
use samples of populations
Retrospective research definition
examination of data on file before the formulation of a research question
clinic records, test data in an IEP, audiograms
T/F it is difficult to classify research articles into mutually exclusive categories of research strategies
True, many studies are combination of experimental and descriptive strategy
Experimental in that IVs are manipulated on subjects that differ on _________ variables
classification
