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Spring '14 SPHP 148 (Research) > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What role does research have in this class and as a future clinician/researcher?

A

Critical readers are critical thinkers and critical thinking is the foundation of effective professional practice

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1
Q

What is a critic?

A

One who forms and expressed judgements of the merits, faults, value or truth of a matter–characterized by careful, exact evaluation and judgement (Page 1-slide 3)

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2
Q

How does a critical review help us as clinicians?

A
  • of the research literature helps inform clinical decision making
  • Clinical practice should be based on relevant basic and applied research
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3
Q

Clinical practice should not be based on what?

A

pronouncements by authorities, intuition, or dogma

page 1

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4
Q

What is research?

A

-

  • organized way to seek answers to questions
  • the cornerstone of an experimental science
  • research either results in a
    (1) rediscovery or already known facts and principles
    (2) attempts to answer a formerly unanswered questions in an objective and repeatable fashion
  • attempts to confirm or deny what is already believed to be true

(Page 1)

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5
Q

Professionals perform assessments ________ and assessments __________

A

for intervention

of intervention

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6
Q

You wear two hats: As students we can be _______ and _____ of research

A

consumer (as a clinician picking assessment/therapy we want to use)
and producer of research (when we create a study, collect data, and analyze)

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7
Q

What are the two branches of research?

A

(1) Quantitative: more highly valued in our profession
(2) Qualitative: open-ended & use interview questions
- uses input from people
- Group, semi-structured interviews
- Responses are recorded, analyzed, and coded
* (3)Mixed: more quantitative with a little more descriptive

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8
Q

What is epistemology?

A

The study of the nature and foundation of knowledge

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9
Q

Why do we have research?

A

it’s a way of knowing, and obtaining information/data

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10
Q

What are Charles Sanders Pierce’s notion of “four general ways of knowing” (hint methods of tenacity)

A
  1. Method of tenacity
  2. Method of Authority
  3. Method of Intuition
  4. Method of Science
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11
Q

What is method of tenacity?

A

beliefs–always known something to be true even though there is evidence that contradicts it.

People hold firmly to certain beliefs because they have always known them to be true and frequent repetition of the belief enhances ostensible validity

-ex. Saying the world is flat even though there’s a ton of contradictory evidence

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12
Q

What is method of authority?

A

people accept knowledge from an individual or group of individuals who have been in some way designated as authoritative producers of knowledge

  • “accept knowledge from institutions”
    ex. belief that the sun revolves around the earth because government/religion says so
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13
Q

What is method of intuition?

A

Also known as: “method of pure rationalism” or “a priori method”

  • use of pure reason based on prior assumptions that are considered to be self-evident with little or no consideration given to the role of exp
    limitation: exp may show that a self-evident truth is not a valid assumption in a logical system
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14
Q

What is method of science?

A

the most powerful and objective method available to gain new knowledge via scientific research (empiricism and rationalism)

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15
Q

Scire means what?

A

to know

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16
Q

Define scientific research

A

systematic, controlled, empirical, amoral, public, and critical investigation of natural phenomena. It is guided by theory and hypotheses about the presumed relations among such phenomena

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17
Q

T/F research findings are good or bad

A

False, are considered in terms of their reliability and validity

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18
Q

Scientific research depends on a complex interplay of 2 distinct lines of inquiry. What are they?

A

Empiricism and Rationalism

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19
Q

What is empiricism?

A

philosophical doctrine that knowledge is gained through experience and evidence

- Rely on inductive reasoning
- in order to accepted it must be based on evidence gained from observations of phenomena and critically eval the accuracy

Core of scientific endeavor

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20
Q

What is rationalism?

A

Referred to as: schematic, formal, or analytic

a philosophy that assumes knowledge must be gained through the exercise of logical thought.

rely on deductive reasoning (use of general principles to make inferences about specific cases)

deals with abstract models

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21
Q

What is schemapiric?

A

proper and judicious joining of the schematic with the empirical

why? because both of these are essential in a scientific study

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22
Q

Empiricism vs. Rationalism

A

Rational ex: dev. of a theory of language

Empiricism ex: functional analysis of behavior & eschewed the exclusively rational approach

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23
Q

T/F research is a process of testing rather than proving, and it implies an objectivity that lets the data lead where they will

A

True

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24
Q

Define scientific method

A
  • recognition of a problem that can be studied objectively!!!
  • you must collect data through observation or experiment and draw conclusions based on analysis
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25
Q

Scientific research can be broken down to ______ and ______.

A
  1. Basic research

2. Applied research

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26
Q

What is basic research?

A

(Under scientific method)
Directed towards the development of knowledge

Provides broad base of knowledge

The foundation for development of practical solutions.

Theoretical support

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27
Q

What is applied research?

A

(Under scientific method)

solve a problem of immediate consequence

Clinical research

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28
Q

what are two major types of empirical approaches in Scientific Method?

A
  1. Descriptive

2. Experimental

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29
Q

Descriptive research vs. experimental research

A

Descriptive: examines differences, developmental trends, or relationships among factors through objective measures (test, surveys, naturalistic observ.)

Experimental: examines causation through observation of the consequent effects of manipulating certain events or characteristics (variables) under controlled conditions (variables)

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30
Q

Define Scientific Theory

A

Theories are statements formulated to explain phenomena

established through empirical and rational inquiry

empirical facts are meaningless without theoretical framework

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31
Q

What is a theory?

A

a FORMAL representation of data in minimal number of terms to identify and outline cause and effect relationships. Theories are the ultimate aim of science.

they a establish a framework from which meaningful generalizations can be made

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32
Q

Another purpose of scientific theory is to facilitate the modeling of phenomena or various processes. What are possible models?

A

Physical: cadavers, plastic models, animals

Conceptual: psycholinguistic models of language

Computational: mathematic models

they can be tested to see whether it is consistent with what is observed or fits empirical data

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33
Q

What is Scientific Paradigm?

A

A group of prominent theories and a collective way of identifying problems & investigation.

Theories are refined or replaced

construction is dependent on the dynamic nature of scientific inquiry

Paradigm shift (e.g. germ perspective changed medicine, genetic perspective)

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34
Q

Define determinism in relationship to scientific theory

A

the assumption that the universe is lawful

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35
Q

What are the 5 essential factors that can figure centrally in the life of a theory? (Aka strength of theory)

A
  1. Accountability (data within it’s domain)
  2. Explanatory Relevance (theory explains occurrences under certain conditions)
  3. Testability (must be verifiable and falsifiable)
  4. Ability novel or new phenomena
  5. Be parsimonious (fewest set of assumptions to explain the data)
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36
Q

Outline the general framework that underlies empirical research

A
  1. Statement of a problem to be investigated
  2. Delineation of a method for investigation of the problem
  3. Presentation of the results derived from the method of investigation
  4. Drawing of conclusions from the results about the problem
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37
Q

In the scientific method what is included in “Statement of the problem”

A

Clear and concise statement of what is being investigated

Hypothesis of research question, or purpose.

Rationale for the study through review

Development of an argument–the need for and significance of the particular study (Like a legal case)

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38
Q

In the Scientific Method describe “methods”

A

Subjects, materials, procedures

Closely linked to problem

Statement of problem needs to be clear to develop methods

address how the study is to be conducted and on whom

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39
Q

In the Scientific Method explain “results of investigation”

A

addresses what was specifically found
often supplemented by tables and figures
Minimal explanation–

specific breakdown of the results as they relate to the problem

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40
Q

In Scientific method describe “conclusions”

A

Interpretation of results
Theoretical and practical implications
discussion: So what, now what?

How conclusions are reached and the way in which they point the direction for future research highlights the way in which scientific method works to build knowledge

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41
Q

T/F the flow of research process is best understood in a linear progression of steps

A

False! it is more appropriately viewed as a circular spring board (pg 8)

  • There are always new lines of inquiry
  • We test by observing and observe by testing
42
Q

What is the nature of research?

A

Evidence based practices

43
Q

Define evidence based practices?

A

clinical decision making that integrates the application of clinical experience and expertise, recognition of the needs and perspectives of the person receiving services, and identification of the best supporting scientific research evidence

44
Q

T/F EPB is a prescribed process that can be dictated by a handbook or manual

A

FALSE it is a systematic process that cannot be dictated in a handbook or manual

45
Q

How many individual are involved in full-time research?

A

1%

46
Q

T/F EBP is not prescribed

A

True!

It is highly contextual and specifically addresses the individuals needs of services

47
Q

EBP can be described as what shape?

A

Three-legged stool or triangle

  1. clinical experience and expertise
  2. Identification of the best supporting scientific research evidence
  3. Recognition of the needs and perspectives of the person receiving services
48
Q

What does PICO stand for?

A

Population, intervention, comparison, outcome

49
Q

What are three issues that confront clinicians when referencing external evidence in clinical decision making ?

A
  1. No clinician has time to perform comprehensive search of journals and textbooks for clinical evidence
  2. Clinician’s do not often have the ability to evaluate research critically via the levels of evidence used in treatment efficacy
  3. Relatively little ‘empirical’ research has been conducted
50
Q

T/F there seems to be a disconnect between research and clinical practice?

A

True, which is why research-practice relationships need to improve!

51
Q

Why is there a disconnect between research and clinical practice?

A

Due to the pervasive notion that research does little to inform clinical routine and a benighted model that segregates producers from consumers of research

52
Q

Ingram 1998 proposed 3 distinct relationships/lines of communication that may exist between research and practice

A
  1. research-driven communication
  2. practice-driven communication
  3. shared-interest communication
53
Q

T/F research in communicative disorders is extremely diverse?

A

True. BUT
-numerous other fields contribute to the body of research, but we need to create out own knowledge base and clinical methods to remain distinguished as a health profession rather than a technical field

54
Q

Research driven vs. practice driven vs. shared interest relationships

A

Research Practice Shared-Interest

Centers on the report the manner in reasonable ass that
-ing of research which clinicians a continuum of int.
findings and the manner express their exists b2ween
in which they are imple interests to rese researchers &
mented in practice archers regarding practitioners
their info needs & (most effective comm)
input they provide
to promote research

55
Q

What is a myth in the editorial process

A

Myth that if an article appears in print, it must be worthwhile

56
Q

Explain the peer-review process

A
  • members of the profession review article submissions
  • Discern differences in excellence through critical evaluation
  • A stance of healthy skepticism is good for the reader and in the long run, for the researcher and the profession
57
Q

What are challenges of cyber space?

A

the abundance of choice has raised some serious challenges:

Professional responsibility to judge the authenticity, validity, and reliability of the many sources of information

the problem is not too much information

58
Q

What is information literacy?

A

addresses those skills that allow individuals to “recognize when information is needed and have the ability to locate, evaluate, and use it effectively”

59
Q

What is a good cyber reference?

A

American Library Association: concept of information literacy

Skills that allow individuals to: recognize when information is needed and have the ability to locate, evaluate, and use it effectively

60
Q

What are the three types of information sources?

A
  1. primary source
  2. secondary source
  3. tertiary
61
Q

What are primary sources?

A

first appearance of research results in the literature–information in it’s original form

62
Q

what are secondary sources?

A

in describe, explain, or interpret information contained in the primary source

63
Q

What is a tertiary source?

A

Information collated from various sources to present a broad or rudimentary overview of a topic

ex. Wikipedia

64
Q

Which side of the triangle: an 85 year old client with aphasia refuses to work on crossword puzzles for his home exercise program

A

Client perspective

65
Q

which side of the triangle: a study that includes a control group and random assignment with an n=50 demonstrates the efficacy of a fluency program

A

External Scientific evidence

66
Q

What side of the triangle: a aphasiologis with 25 years of experience modifies a therapy approach for a specific client on his caseload

A

Clinical expertise/experience

67
Q

EBP is highly ______ and addresses the _______ in need of services

A

contextual; individual

variables to consider: age, gender, how long they’ve had the disorder

68
Q

T/F EBP is endorsed by any authority, institution, or organization?

A

False, it is not! what is evidence based cannot be endorsed because there could be bias or conflict of interest

-this is a good safeguard!

69
Q

What do PJs stand for?

A

Professional Judgement

70
Q

Who determines the quality of our field’s evidence?

A

Speech Pathologists and Audiologist, so we need to wear our PJs!

71
Q

When you want to determine if something is EBP you will use ______?

A

PICO

72
Q

Create a clinical question (using PICO) for the following clinical case: a patient who presents with a new onset CVA (Cerebral vascular accident or stroke)

A

P: stroke patient
I: early initiation of aphasia treatment
C: aphasia treatment after initial spontaneous recover time
O: Functional communication abilities

73
Q

Create a clinical questions (using PICO) for kindergartner with articulation disorder

A

P: kindergarteners with artic disorders
I: individual pull-out treatment
C: group pull-out treatment
O: ability to consistently produce /s/

74
Q

create a clinical question (using PICO) for a minor who suffered a TBI

A

P: 17 year old male with a severe TBI
I: cognitive rehab
C: no cognitive rehab
O: return to work/school

75
Q

How do we critically evaluate reviews?

A
  1. where to find systematic reviews

2. Individual studies

76
Q

What is a systematic review?

A

a comprehensive overview of the research literature that addresses a specific clinical question and describe the extent to which various diagnostic or treatment approaches are supported by the evidence

BUT stops short of making specific recommendations for clinical practice

forms the basis for evidence-based clinical practice guidelines

“pre-filtered evidence”

regardless of topic, all systematic reviews approach the literature systematically using a formal set of explicitly stated selection criteria to limit bias

77
Q

Does publication in a peer reviewed journal guarantee scientific quality? why or why not?

A

No, unfortunately publication in a peer reviewed journal is not a guarantee of scientific quality

78
Q

When using a systematic reviews what two questions do you ask yourself to guide your evaluation?

A
  1. Is the evidence relevant to your client?
    questions: population, age, environment, bilingual/monoling
  2. Who wrote, funded, and published the review?
    questions: the writers background and the time the articles were published/conducted
79
Q

What can assist us in determining the type of quality of individual studies? should we use the good vs. bad paradigm?

A

no, don’t use a binary scale of good or bad; think of it as a spectrum

Very formal——->very informal Very dissatisfied—–>very satisfied

80
Q

What are the holy words when rating an study?

A

randomization and control

81
Q

Reproduce the rating scale for rating the weight/quality of the outcome of a study

A

IA Well-designed meta analysis of >1 randomized controlled trial

IB Well-designed randomized controlled study

IIA Well-designed controlled study w/o randomization

IIB Well-designed quasi-experimental

III Well-designed non experimental studies, i.e. correlational & case studies

IV. Expert committee report, consensus conference, clinical experience of respect authorities

82
Q

What is the highest level on the rating scale?

A

IA and IB

83
Q

What is a meta analysis?

A

1st they have to do a systematic search to find quantitative studies, that have randomization and control groups in the design

2nd they use a specific statistical analysis on those numbers collectively to see if there is a strong significance of the data collected

84
Q

What is the lowest level on the rating scale?

A

Level IV

85
Q

What is a quasi-experiment?

A

use a control group of subjects with which an experimental group may be compared

-pre and post treatment vs. no treatment pre and post

86
Q

Practice grading this study: a convenience sample of 4 participants with aphasia and four research assistants with seven days of intervention and pre/post assessments

A

IIB or III

87
Q

Practice grading this study: community-based program for individuals with aphasia with a comparison group. Participants self-selected treatment group versus comparison group

A

IIA or IIB

88
Q

Practice grading this study: sample size was 250 (consecutive enrollment of stroke survivors in a large medical center) with random assignment into Treatment A, Treatment B, or a control group

A

IB

89
Q

What is treatment efficiency and is it cost effective?

A

It is tied to many factors and assessed via a cost-benefit analysis

Yes, it is the best outcome for the least amount of money

90
Q

T/F treatment outcomes research shows a positive correlation but you can’t prove causation.

A

True
It identifies treatment benefits with the intent of establishing a relationship between treatment and functional improvement.

91
Q

Treatment efficacy–the improvement of client performance can be shown to be what?

A
  1. derived from the treatment rather than other extraneous factors
  2. real and reproducible
  3. Clinically important (internal validity, statistical sig, practical sig)
92
Q

To improve the external validity and support the generalization of findings you need what?

A

Randomization and sample size

93
Q

Randomization includes samples of ______, _______, and ______ to be included in the study

A

people, settings, & times

this is a key procedure researchers use to enhance the external validity results

94
Q

what is an ex. simple random sampling?

A

“Call everyone that lives in city x”

it is often discussed only with respect to subjects in a study but can also be considered for settings,values of ind variables, times of measurements, stimulus materials, measurement procedures

95
Q

What is a stratified random sampling?

A

an accessible population for a study is first divided into categorized subgroups or strata, from which subjects are drawn randomly

96
Q

What are the 5 types of research samples?

A

random, simple random, stratified random, cluster sampling, multistage sampling

97
Q

What is cluster sampling?

A

all subjects are members of a group that was selected

ex. students in a classroom, school, or district

98
Q

What is multistage sampling?

A

selection may continue to random identification of a grade or classroom and so on

99
Q

define sample size

A

Generalization can also be improved by increasing sample

increasing the number of subjects in the simple leads to higher probability of detecting an effect of a given size in the population–you want a LARGE sample size

100
Q

What are some advantages and disadvantages of group design?

A

Nontreatment group provides independent reference vs.
not as flexible as a single-subject design

Subjects can be randomly assigned to treatment groups vs.
intrasubject variation not measured or controlled

Can generalize from rep sample by inductive reasoning vs.
random sampling or close matching of subj needed for inference

can calculate effect size with meta-analysis vs. does not reveal extended temporal measures of dependent variable

101
Q

what are some advantages of single subject design?

A

Smaller # of subjects who act as their own controls vs.
less gernalizable than group designs

Avoids subject-matching problems vs. greater need for direct or systematic replications

Examines behavior at level of ind subject over time vs.
intersubject variability not well accounted for

flexible design can be modified vs. needs for more time & effort per subject

variation can be controlled

102
Q

What are 4 key steps in EBP

A
  1. Framing the clinical question (PICO)
  2. Finding the evidence (using PICO)
  3. Assessing the evidence (using the scale)
  4. Making the decision

Spring '14 SPHP 148 (Research) (9 decks)

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