Chapter 3

Question 1

What is a Mutation?

Answer 1

Error in the replication of DNA.

Question 2

What is a Chromosome?

Answer 2

Single molecule of a large DNA helix. Single chromosome includes thousands of genes.

Each sperm/egg contains random set of 23 single chromosomes which are NOT an exact copy of parents.

When they are passed down, they shuffle with grandparents generation along with parents.

Question 3

Gene?

Answer 3

Functional sequence of DNA that remains for a large number of generations

Question 4

What is an Allele?

Answer 4

One possible form of a gene that may take a location on the chromosome.

Question 5

What is Genetic Drift?

Answer 5

Through chance, some parents (and genes) leave more copies of themselves.

Question 6

what is the Founder Effect?

Answer 6

Special case of genetic drift in small populations.

Question 7

What is a Bottleneck?

Answer 7

The population is drastically reduced for at least one generation, lowering genetic diversity.

Question 8

Note regarding adaptation : We adapt over thousands of years to match and thrive in the environment.

Answer 8

(just a side note)

Question 9

Pleiotropy?

Answer 9

Phenomenon of a single gene having effects on more than one phenotypic trait

Question 10

Interactionism?

Answer 10

“Development unfolds as a result of the interaction between genes and all other “Developmental resources”

Question 11

What is a Zygote?

Answer 11

The fertilized egg which is still in the single-cell stage.

Question 12

Meiosis?

Answer 12

Process where sex cells : egg/sperm are produced.

Question 13

Monozygotic twins?

Dizygotic Twins?

Answer 13

Mono: Twins that form from one zygote w/ identical genomes.

Dizygotic: Twins that develop from two completely different zygotes w/ different genomes.

Question 14

Four major structures for survival in the uterus?

Answer 14

Amnion.
Chorion
Placenta
Umbilical Cord.

Question 15

Amnionic fluid? (pregnancy) (benefits)

Answer 15

Cushions the baby.

Regulates temperature.

Question 16

Chorion? (pregnancy) (benefits)

Answer 16

Develops villi and becomes the placenta lining.

• Villi prevents bloodstreams of mom/baby from mixing*
• it surrounds the Amnion*

Question 17

Placenta? (pregnancy) (benefits)

Answer 17

Connects mothers blood w/ baby’s blood.
Waste goes to mom.
O2, CO2, nutrients, sugar, fats, protein go to baby.

Question 18

Umbilical cord? (benefits)

Answer 18

Connects baby to placenta.

Also transfers in nutrients and brings out waste.

Question 19

Myelination (brain)

Answer 19

Development of a fatty sheath around the axon.

Question 20

Synaptogenesis (brain)

Answer 20

Growth of synapses between neurons.

Question 21

Synaptic Planning (brain)

Answer 21

Developmental process by which synapses are eliminated.

Question 22

Hemispheric Specialization? What do each/both sides of the hemispheres do? (brain)

Answer 22

Left : process language
Right: spatial thinking / visual imagery.
Both: Process sensory info and sends motor commands.