Chapter 2 Part 2

Question 1

What is Ethology?

Answer 1

Study of fitness-enhancing behaviors that were shaped by natural selection.

Question 2

Imprinting?

Answer 2

The psychological process by which newborns first identify their mother and then strongly attach to her psychologically.

Question 3

What is sociobiology?

Answer 3

Study of biological basis of social behavior.

Question 4

Cross-Sectional Design?

Answer 4

Really fast, cheap, way to do a research.

Here is an example:

1. ) Go to a Canuck’s home game.
2. ) Give Survey to everyone
3. ) Fills the survey, write age.
4. ) study the various ages.

Not the best.

Question 5

What is the Cohort Effect?

Answer 5

Different skills and limitations of the various ranges of age groups.

I.E: Age 20, 50, 80 - what are their skills and limitations?

Question 6

What is a Longitudinal Design?

Answer 6

Type of study where a group of children are studied periodically from age one to adult-hood (throughout their lives basically) in order to observe any age related changes.

Question 7

Practice Effects?

Answer 7

Participants in a longitudinal study performing differently over time as a result of prior exposure to the test.

Question 8

Cross-Sequential Design?

Answer 8

“The very best study”

• Accounts for the Cohort effect
• Mixture of cross-sectional and longitudinal

Study where a different -aged groups of children are studied at the same time. (essentially)

Question 9

Naturalistic Observations?

Answer 9

Study in which data are collected in everyday settings

Question 10

Random Assignment?

Answer 10

A procedure that ensures that each participant in a study has an equal chance of being assigned to any group in the experiment.

Question 11

Correlational Design?

Answer 11

The researcher will observe the relationship between two variables in a group of subjects without manipulating either variable.

Question 12

Correlation Coefficient?

Answer 12

Number between -1 and +1 that describes the correlation between two variables in terms of direction and strength

Question 13

Experimental Design

Answer 13

Research design in which the researcher carefully controls one or more variables and observes the effects on another variable.

Question 14

Independent
Dependent
(Variables)

Answer 14

Independent: Variable that is manipulated
Dependent: Variable that is expected to be affected by the experimental manipulation

Question 15

Within-Subjects Design

Answer 15

Participants are exposed to multiple experimental treatments.

Question 16

Between-Subjects Design

Answer 16

Each participant is included in only one group. Variables are compared across groups.

Question 17

Preferential - looking paradigm?

Answer 17

Infant is presented with two visual stimuli at the same time. Differences in looking time indicate infant can discriminate between the stimuli.

Question 18

Habituation paradigm?

Answer 18

Infant’s declining response to repeatedly presented stimulus. If a new stimulus elicits a recovery in response, the experimenter infers that the infant can discriminate between the old and the new stimulus.

Question 19

Violation of Expectations paradigm

Answer 19

Infant is expected to look longer at an event that violates a belief or expectation that the infant holds.