Chapter 2 Part 2 Flashcards
What is Ethology?
Study of fitness-enhancing behaviors that were shaped by natural selection.
Imprinting?
The psychological process by which newborns first identify their mother and then strongly attach to her psychologically.
What is sociobiology?
Study of biological basis of social behavior.
Cross-Sectional Design?
Really fast, cheap, way to do a research.
Here is an example:
- ) Go to a Canuck’s home game.
- ) Give Survey to everyone
- ) Fills the survey, write age.
- ) study the various ages.
Not the best.
What is the Cohort Effect?
Different skills and limitations of the various ranges of age groups.
I.E: Age 20, 50, 80 - what are their skills and limitations?
What is a Longitudinal Design?
Type of study where a group of children are studied periodically from age one to adult-hood (throughout their lives basically) in order to observe any age related changes.
Practice Effects?
Participants in a longitudinal study performing differently over time as a result of prior exposure to the test.
Cross-Sequential Design?
“The very best study”
- Accounts for the Cohort effect
- Mixture of cross-sectional and longitudinal
Study where a different -aged groups of children are studied at the same time. (essentially)
Naturalistic Observations?
Study in which data are collected in everyday settings
Random Assignment?
A procedure that ensures that each participant in a study has an equal chance of being assigned to any group in the experiment.
Correlational Design?
The researcher will observe the relationship between two variables in a group of subjects without manipulating either variable.
Correlation Coefficient?
Number between -1 and +1 that describes the correlation between two variables in terms of direction and strength
Experimental Design
Research design in which the researcher carefully controls one or more variables and observes the effects on another variable.
Independent
Dependent
(Variables)
Independent: Variable that is manipulated
Dependent: Variable that is expected to be affected by the experimental manipulation
Within-Subjects Design
Participants are exposed to multiple experimental treatments.
Between-Subjects Design
Each participant is included in only one group. Variables are compared across groups.
Preferential - looking paradigm?
Infant is presented with two visual stimuli at the same time. Differences in looking time indicate infant can discriminate between the stimuli.
Habituation paradigm?
Infant’s declining response to repeatedly presented stimulus. If a new stimulus elicits a recovery in response, the experimenter infers that the infant can discriminate between the old and the new stimulus.
Violation of Expectations paradigm
Infant is expected to look longer at an event that violates a belief or expectation that the infant holds.
