Chapter 3 Flashcards
a document that specifies project outcomes as they relate to client expectations and serves as the source for developing the project plan.
Scope statement
a balance of what can reasonably be provided between everything that relevant stakeholders want from a project and the various cost, time, and other resource constraints
Requirements
There should be a strong underlying understanding of the project with specific and _ _ before completing the scope statement, because the scope is the blueprint for the work breakdown structure
measurable objectives
o Requirements are possible to ‘discover’ from stakeholders – however, this is not always the case with complex requirements
o One solution to difficult requirements is to “build _” into the PM’s philosophy
flexibility
- Improves the quality of internal processes which may offer several performance improvements.
- May give firms a competitive edge
- Part of the ‘survival kit’ of an organization.
(It may be that a measure of the flexibility is necessary in a turbulent world: ‘be flexible or cease operating’.)
Flexibility of requirements has 3 broad advantages
There is a direct relationship between a good _ _ and a clearly defined _ _
project plan; project scope
The scope clearly describes deliverables that should be _, _, and _
realistic, obtainable, and measurable
- Overall objectives of the project based on customer needs
- Specific deliverables in support of the overall objectives
- Milestones that help control quality and monitor progress
- Resources that are needed to complete the project
4 aspects of project scope
● Provides a background for the rest of the document
● States what is expected, when, and at what cost
Project Scope Aspect: Overall objectives of project
● _ may be expected during or after the project
o _ are used as a basis for assigning responsibilities and evaluating performance
Project Scope Aspect: Specific deliverables
a point in the life of a project when a significant piece of work has been accomplished
Milestone
● a point in the life of a project when a significant piece of work has been accomplished
o Once the deliverables of a project are defined, then milestones are developed that point towards achieving those deliverables
Project Scope Aspect: Milestones that help control quality
- HR’s
- Facilities and equipment
- Organizational resources
Resources can be divided into three main categories:
talent and skills of the project team members
Human resources
high speed communication channels or specific testing tools
Facilities and equipment
_ or _ _ protect the PM from excessive demands and can help the customer develop realistic expectations
Exclusions or exemption clauses
Most companies use a document called a _ _ to formally support the project and to authorize the PM to start planning
project charter
- Title of project
- Sponsors
- Name of PM
- Start date
- Objectives
- Costs and resources
- Due date
Project charter includes the following:
The project scope is operationalized through the development and implementation of the _ _ _
work breakdown structure
● Breaks down the entire project into manageable pieces
● Defines specifics for each part of the project in terms of:
- What needs to be done
- Who is responsible for each task
- How much it costs
- When it is due
Work breakdown structure
A numbering scheme with levels and sublevels is called a _ _ _
WBS coding scheme
The lowest level in a WBS must be easily defined as a _ _ or _ _
work unit or work package
o A work unit or work package should be easy to _ to an individual and easy to _
o If it is well-defined, it should be possible to complete it within 1 – 2 weeks
assign; evaluate
Another advantage of WBS is that quality can be checked at _ _ _
each work unit
Each work unit defined at the lowest level of the WBS is a _ _ that assists with project management
control point
PM’s start from the highest level and work their way down to the lowest level to develop a new WBS system
Top-down approach
PM’s start from the lowest level and work their way up to the highest level to develop a new WBS system
Bottom-up approach
On the bottom-up approach, work unit descriptions are placed on a wall, and through an _ _, the team will group them into several logical categories
iterative process
often used during the bottom-up approach to document discussions before creating a WBS
Mind mapping
a review of aspects of the project and can be held at various stages of the project development
Structured walkthrough
- Documentation is circulated well in advance
- Everyone attending is familiar with the subjects to be reviewed
- Minor points of detail are discussed before the walkthrough
For maximum benefit for the walkthrough, it is important that
- All errors, discrepancies, inconsistencies, omissions, and points for further action are recorded (To make an action list)
- One person should be allocated the responsibility of ensuring that all points from the action list are dealt with
2 other important factors for walkthroughs are:
A project is frequently part of a much larger _, which consists of a number of integrate projects
program
The overall view of the program is the _ _
master plan
The scope clearly describes deliverables which are _, _, and _
realistic, obtainable and measurable.
Developers and recipients must be clear on what the _ _ is and what the _ are.
project intent; deliverables
The project scope statement is published and shared by the PM and the customer, and is a source for _ _ and _
measuring progress and quality.
● Also called “feasibility study” or “Preliminary Investigation”
Conceptual Development [of project]
● Outcome of Conceptual Development is a _ _ _ (guide to the project manager) or a _ _ (to request funding)
Statement of Work; Project proposal
● Must be defined with specific time and cost.
● Used to assign responsibilities and evaluate performance.
● Collectively, _ accomplish the overall objectives of the project.
Deliverables
● A _ reflects an event - a point in the life of the project when a significant accomplishment occurs.
● _ are based on deliverables and used to monitor progress.
● Once a _ falls behind schedule it indicates that the entire project could be delayed.
● _ must be easily recognized by all team members and sponsors.
Milestones
o Human resources (talent and skills required in the team).
o Facilities and equipment (communication channels, testing tools).
o Organizational resources (support, collaboration with inside and outside entities).
3 main resources:
A WBS is similar to an _ _ in that it provides an overview of how the project is broken down and who is responsible for which part.
organizational chart
A WBS provides the _ _ between main activities (design, development, and implementation) and sub activities
hierarchical relationships
● To monitor progress.
● To evaluate cost, time, and quality.
● To Assign responsibility for each ‘work unit’ or ‘work package’.
● To control quality; each work unit is a control point.
● It helps communication and documentation.
● Has clearly defined deliverables
6 uses of a WBS
o Each work unit must be independent of other work units for ease of allocating resources.
o Each work unit must have one person responsible even if multiple individuals work on it.
o The sum of work units must result in the project outcome.
o Team members must be involved in its development.
Key Aspects of WBS
