Chapter 2 Flashcards
All management levels have come to be involved with _ _ and strategic issues
strategic planning
● PM Insights and expertise help develop realistic priority plans
● PM’s can develop a high-level organizational perspective for projects
● PM involvement helps networking and communication opportunities
● PM’s gain an inter-organizational perspective for projects
Advantages of PM involvement at the organizational level
provides an organizational road map which suggests directions for sources and activities for the future
Strategic plan
When it comes to strategic plans, organizations must analyze these questions very carefully:
- Where are we now?
- Where do we want to be?
- How do we get there?
Helps self-assessment and realization; provides the foundation for formulating a realistic plan for the future
Where are we now?
Helps the organization see themselves in the next 5 or 10 years; provides criteria and guidelines to evaluate the extent to which accomplishments have been made
Where do we want to be?
Helps set success measures and outlines criteria for monitoring progress
How do we get there?
- Looks into the future and maps directions
2. It is inclusive and broad, covering internal and external entities and resources
Two important characteristics of a strategic plan
o A _ _ supports the organizational mission and is influenced by the organizational culture
o An effective _ _ is a critical success factor for the survival of the organization
strategic plan
strategic plan
- Creates uniformity across projects.
- Reduces redundancy.
- Helps prioritize projects.
- Provides a long-term perspective to assess customer needs.
- Provides criteria to measure project success.
An effective strategic plan influences PM in 5 ways
Projects, in general, are _ and _ for the implementation of a strategic plan.
tools and mechanisms
Describes the purpose for which the organization exists.
Expressed in broad terms.
Positions the organization relative to competition and within the industry.
What a Mission does
_ and _ must be clearly defined, must be measurable, and must be doable
goals and objectives
o Define what specifically needs to be done in order to accomplish the mission
o More specific and are more appropriate as measures of success
o The hierarchy of _ _ _ exist in order to define responsibilities of the management hierarchy more clearly
What goals and objectives do
Operational strategies facilitate the _ of these goals and objectives
implementation
designed to counteract the possibility that projects will be implemented in a disjointed fashion, disconnected from other on-going projects in a way that may not serve organizational goals and objectives
Planning approaches
Considers the objectives of the projects and provides rough estimates of resources required to meet these needs
Normally produces a mission statement for the group, which reflects the mission of the organization
Long-term planning
● Focuses on how the long-term plan can be put into effect
● Considers present requirements of the organization and the projects that need to be developed to meet those needs
● Information about each project will be spelt out in detail
● A planning document will be produced that shows the current situation along with an action plan for future development
Medium-term planning
● Normally covers the next 12 months
● Concerns the schedule for change, assigning resources to effect the change, and putting into place project control measures to ensure effectiveness
● Details resources required for each project in terms of personnel, equipment, and budget
● Contains details of each stage in development life cycle
Short-term planning
It is critical to obtain _ _ for projects at the time of proposal development and maintain that support throughout the project development cycle
management support
the patterns of authority for key project activities in firms as well as in project management
Governance
_ is a two-way process - The proactive _ approach helps prepare management for eventual requests for additional resources
Communication
Changes occur in the work environment that may lead to changes in _ _ which may lead to changes in expectations
functional needs
the difference between what the project outcomes is expected to be and what it actually
Expectation gap
_ _ influences project selection priorities, funding arrangements, and eventually the outcome
Organizational politics
Inadequate attention to _ _ is a primary reason for project failures
o Should be part of the of the strategic planning process, not merely an afterthought event
change management
One approach to dealing with change is called _ _ _
o Understanding of the change process is gained by identifying the forces working for and against the change being successful
force field analysis
The change can be ,quick and dramatic, or _, a gradual process
transformational
incremental
- Centralized
- Bureaucratic
- Individualistic
- Organic
Charles Handy 4 organization types
Many organizations have underwent total change though _ _ -
business process re-engineering
Change is easier to implement in organizations where change is the norm
o In _ _, people accept change, embrace it, and regard it as a positive thing
organic organizations
Top management must _ all other employees of the strategic plan in order for it to work
convince
An important factor that facilitates this cooperation is a process that defines how a project is to be _ with organizational goals and objectives
aligned
