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Pathoma > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How to determine clonality of tumor cells?

A

CGPD enzyme isoforms (X-linked, normally see mix of two types due to random X inactivation.

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2
Q

How to determine clonality of lymphomas?

A

Ig light chain phenotype (normally see ratio of kappa to lamba 3:1). If ratio incrases >6:! or inverses you know that it is monoclonal

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3
Q

How many cell divisions must occur before the earliest clinical symptoms of a neoplasm arise?

A

Approximately 30.

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4
Q

Alfatoxins

A

Cause hepatocellular carcinoma. Found in contaminated stored grain (From Aspergillus)

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5
Q

Alkylating agents cause what type of cancer?

A

Leukemia/lymphoma

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6
Q

Alcohol causes what type of cancer?

A

SCC of oropharynx and upper esophagus, pancreatic carcinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma

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7
Q

Arsenic causes what type of cancer

A

SCC of skin, lung cancer, and angiosarcoma of liver.

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8
Q

Asbestos causes what type of cancer?

A

Lung carcinoma > mesothelioma

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9
Q

Cigarette smoke causes what type of cancer? Carcinogen?

A

Carcinoma of oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidney, and bladder. Polycyclic hydrocarbons particularly bad…

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10
Q

Nitrosamines cause what type of cancer?

A

Intestinal subtype of STOMACH cancer

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11
Q

Naphthylamine causes what type of cancer

A

Urothelial carcinoma of bladder. Found in cigarettes…

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12
Q

Vinyl chloride causes what type of cancer?

A

Angiosarcoma of liver (from PVC synthesis)

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13
Q

Nickel, chromium, beryllium, or silica cause what type of cancer?

A

Lung carcinoma

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14
Q

EBV causes what type of cancer?

A

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (in chinese males or Africans), Burkitt lymphoma, and CNS lymphoma in AIDS

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15
Q

HHV-8 causes what type of cancer?

A

Kaposi’s Sarcoma (endothelial cells)

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16
Q

HBV and HCV cause what type of cancer?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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17
Q

HTLV-1 causes what type of cancer?

A

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

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18
Q

HPV (subtypes 16, 18, 31, and 33) cause what type of cancer?

A

SCC of vulva, vagina, anus, and cervix; adenocarcinoma of cervix

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19
Q

Ionizing radiation (from radiotherapy/nuclear accidents) causes what type of cancer?

A

AML, CML, and papillary carcinoma of the thyroid.

20
Q

Nonionizing radiation (UVB) causes what type of cancer?

A

BCC, SCC, and melanoma

21
Q

Mutations in PDGFB (platelet derived growth factor B) cause what?

A

Astrocytoma

22
Q

Mutations in RET cause what?

A

MEN 2A, MEN 2B, and sporadic medullary carcinoma of thyroid.

23
Q

RAS function and mutations cause what?

A

GTP binding protein…. mutations in GTPase Activating Protein (GAP) cause carcinomas, melanomas, and lymphomas

24
Q

ABL function and mutations cause what?

A

Tyrosine kinase. when translocated with BCR t(9:22) causes CML and some types of ALL

25
c-MYC linked with?
t(8:14) involving IgH on chromosome 14, leading to Burkitt lymphoma
26
n-MYC linked with?
Neuroblastoma
27
l-MYC linked with?
Small cell lung cancer
28
Mutations in CCND1 (Cyclin D1) linked with?
Mantle cell lymphoma (t(11:14) translocation involving IgH heavy chain on Chromosome 14)
29
Familial retinoblastoma results in what commonly seen conditions?
BILATERAL retinoblastoma AND osteosarcoma
30
What mutations are present in follicular lymphoma?
t(14;18). 14 holds the Ig heavy chain locus (constitutively active) and 18 holds Bcl2. Bcl2 is normally used to protect mitochondrial membrane, and prevent apoptosis. When Bcl2 overexpressed, apoptosis CANNOT HAPPEN.
31
Carcinomas normally spread via what mechanism?
Lymphatics!
32
Sarcomas normally spread via what mechanism?
Hematogenous!
33
Exceptions to carcinomas spreading via lymphatics?
1. Renal cell carcinoma 2. Hepatocellular carcinoma 3. Follicular carcinoma of thyroid 4. Choriocarcinoma
34
what is the absolute distinguishing factor between benign and metastatic tumors???
Metastatic potential. Benign tumors NEVER metastasize.
35
Keratin stains indicate?
Epithelial cells --> carcinoma
36
Vimentin stains indicate?
Mesenchyme cells --> sarcoma
37
Desmin stains indicate?
Muscle cells
38
GFAP stains indicate?
Neuroglia
39
Neurofilament stains indicate?
Neurons
40
PSA stains indicate?
Prostatic epithelium
41
Estrogen receptor stains indicate?
Breast epithelium
42
Thyroglobulin stains indicate?
Thyroid follicular cells
43
Chromogranin stains indicate?
Neuroendocrine cells --> Small cell carcinoma of lung OR carcinoid tumor
44
S-100 stains indicate?
Melanoma
45
Tumor GRADING
Microscopic assessment of differentiation
46
Tumor STAGING
TNM --> Assessment of size and spread. More important than grade. Metastasis is the single most important prognostic factor.

Pathoma (15 decks)

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