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Pathoma > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How to determine clonality of tumor cells?

A

CGPD enzyme isoforms (X-linked, normally see mix of two types due to random X inactivation.

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2
Q

How to determine clonality of lymphomas?

A

Ig light chain phenotype (normally see ratio of kappa to lamba 3:1). If ratio incrases >6:! or inverses you know that it is monoclonal

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3
Q

How many cell divisions must occur before the earliest clinical symptoms of a neoplasm arise?

A

Approximately 30.

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4
Q

Alfatoxins

A

Cause hepatocellular carcinoma. Found in contaminated stored grain (From Aspergillus)

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5
Q

Alkylating agents cause what type of cancer?

A

Leukemia/lymphoma

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6
Q

Alcohol causes what type of cancer?

A

SCC of oropharynx and upper esophagus, pancreatic carcinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma

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7
Q

Arsenic causes what type of cancer

A

SCC of skin, lung cancer, and angiosarcoma of liver.

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8
Q

Asbestos causes what type of cancer?

A

Lung carcinoma > mesothelioma

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9
Q

Cigarette smoke causes what type of cancer? Carcinogen?

A

Carcinoma of oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidney, and bladder. Polycyclic hydrocarbons particularly bad…

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10
Q

Nitrosamines cause what type of cancer?

A

Intestinal subtype of STOMACH cancer

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11
Q

Naphthylamine causes what type of cancer

A

Urothelial carcinoma of bladder. Found in cigarettes…

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12
Q

Vinyl chloride causes what type of cancer?

A

Angiosarcoma of liver (from PVC synthesis)

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13
Q

Nickel, chromium, beryllium, or silica cause what type of cancer?

A

Lung carcinoma

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14
Q

EBV causes what type of cancer?

A

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (in chinese males or Africans), Burkitt lymphoma, and CNS lymphoma in AIDS

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15
Q

HHV-8 causes what type of cancer?

A

Kaposi’s Sarcoma (endothelial cells)

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16
Q

HBV and HCV cause what type of cancer?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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17
Q

HTLV-1 causes what type of cancer?

A

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

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18
Q

HPV (subtypes 16, 18, 31, and 33) cause what type of cancer?

A

SCC of vulva, vagina, anus, and cervix; adenocarcinoma of cervix

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19
Q

Ionizing radiation (from radiotherapy/nuclear accidents) causes what type of cancer?

A

AML, CML, and papillary carcinoma of the thyroid.

20
Q

Nonionizing radiation (UVB) causes what type of cancer?

A

BCC, SCC, and melanoma

21
Q

Mutations in PDGFB (platelet derived growth factor B) cause what?

A

Astrocytoma

22
Q

Mutations in RET cause what?

A

MEN 2A, MEN 2B, and sporadic medullary carcinoma of thyroid.

23
Q

RAS function and mutations cause what?

A

GTP binding protein…. mutations in GTPase Activating Protein (GAP) cause carcinomas, melanomas, and lymphomas

24
Q

ABL function and mutations cause what?

A

Tyrosine kinase. when translocated with BCR t(9:22) causes CML and some types of ALL

25
Q

c-MYC linked with?

A

t(8:14) involving IgH on chromosome 14, leading to Burkitt lymphoma

26
Q

n-MYC linked with?

A

Neuroblastoma

27
Q

l-MYC linked with?

A

Small cell lung cancer

28
Q

Mutations in CCND1 (Cyclin D1) linked with?

A

Mantle cell lymphoma (t(11:14) translocation involving IgH heavy chain on Chromosome 14)

29
Q

Familial retinoblastoma results in what commonly seen conditions?

A

BILATERAL retinoblastoma AND osteosarcoma

30
Q

What mutations are present in follicular lymphoma?

A

t(14;18). 14 holds the Ig heavy chain locus (constitutively active) and 18 holds Bcl2. Bcl2 is normally used to protect mitochondrial membrane, and prevent apoptosis. When Bcl2 overexpressed, apoptosis CANNOT HAPPEN.

31
Q

Carcinomas normally spread via what mechanism?

A

Lymphatics!

32
Q

Sarcomas normally spread via what mechanism?

A

Hematogenous!

33
Q

Exceptions to carcinomas spreading via lymphatics?

A
  1. Renal cell carcinoma
  2. Hepatocellular carcinoma
  3. Follicular carcinoma of thyroid
  4. Choriocarcinoma
34
Q

what is the absolute distinguishing factor between benign and metastatic tumors???

A

Metastatic potential. Benign tumors NEVER metastasize.

35
Q

Keratin stains indicate?

A

Epithelial cells –> carcinoma

36
Q

Vimentin stains indicate?

A

Mesenchyme cells –> sarcoma

37
Q

Desmin stains indicate?

A

Muscle cells

38
Q

GFAP stains indicate?

A

Neuroglia

39
Q

Neurofilament stains indicate?

A

Neurons

40
Q

PSA stains indicate?

A

Prostatic epithelium

41
Q

Estrogen receptor stains indicate?

A

Breast epithelium

42
Q

Thyroglobulin stains indicate?

A

Thyroid follicular cells

43
Q

Chromogranin stains indicate?

A

Neuroendocrine cells –> Small cell carcinoma of lung OR carcinoid tumor

44
Q

S-100 stains indicate?

A

Melanoma

45
Q

Tumor GRADING

A

Microscopic assessment of differentiation

46
Q

Tumor STAGING

A

TNM –> Assessment of size and spread. More important than grade. Metastasis is the single most important prognostic factor.

Pathoma (15 decks)

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