Chapter 3

Question 1

Affirming the antecedent

Answer 1

See modus ponens

If P, then Q.

P is true.

Therefore, Q is true.

Question 2

Affirming the consequent

+ is it valid or invalid

Answer 2

Invalid argument form :
If p then Q
Q.
Therefore P

Question 3

Antecedent

Answer 3

The first part of a conditional statemetn (If p then q) the component that begins with the word If .

Question 4

Cogent argument

Answer 4

A strong inductive argument with all true premises

Question 5

Conditional statement

Answer 5

An “if then” statement ; it consists of the antecedent(the part introduced by the word if) and the consequent (the part introduced by the word then)

Question 6

Consequent

Answer 6

The part of a conditional statement (If p then Q) introduced by the word then

Question 7

Deductive argument

Answer 7

An argument intended to provide logically conlusive support for its conclusion

Question 8

Denying the antecedent

+ is it valid or invalid argument form

Answer 8

An invalid argument form :

If P, then Q
Not P
Therefore, not Q

Question 9

Denying the consequence

Answer 9

Denying the consequent aligns with modus tollens. Here’s the breakdown:

If P, then Q.

Q is not true.

Therefore, P is not true.

Question 10

dependent premise

Answer 10

A premise that depends on at least one other premise to provide joint support to a conclusion. If a dependent premise is removed, the support that its linked depenent premises supply to the consluison is undermined or completly cancelled out

Question 11

disjunctive syllogism

+ valid or invalid argument form

Answer 11

A Valid argument form :
Either P or Q
Not P
Therefore, Q

In the second premise of a syllogism. either disjunct (either of the parts separated by “or”) can be denied

Question 12

Hypothethical syllogism

+ valid or invalid argument form

Answer 12

A valid argument made up of three hypothethical, or conditional statemtns :

If p, then q
If q then r
Therefore, if p then r

Question 13

independent premise

Answer 13

A premise that does not depend on other premises to provide support to a conclusion. If an independent premise is removed, the support that other premises supply to the conclusion is not affected

Question 14

inductive argument

Answer 14

an argument in which the premises are intended to provide probable, not conclusive, support for its conclusion

Question 15

invalid argument

Answer 15

a deductive argument tht fails to provide conclusive support for its conclusion

Question 16

Modus ponens (affirming the antecedent)

Answer 16

A valid argument form :
If p then q
P
Therefore q

Question 17

modus tollens (denying the consequent )

Answer 17

a valid argument form
If p then q
Not q
Therefore not p

Question 18

principle of charity

Answer 18

The interpretive principle that says that whenever we find someones meaning unclear,we should attempt to interpret it in a such a way as to make them make sense, rather than interpreting them as saying something silly or confused

Question 19

sound argument

Answer 19

A deductively valid argument that has true premises

Question 20

straw man

Answer 20

The fallacy of distorting, weakening, or oversimplifying someones position so it can be moer easily attacked or refuted

Question 21

strong argument

Answer 21

an inductive argument that succeeeds in providing probable but not conclusive support for its conclusion

Question 22

syllogism

Answer 22

a deductive argument made up of three statements- two premises and a conclusion

See modus ponens and modus tollens

Question 23

truth preserving

Answer 23

a characteristic of a valid deductive argument in which the logical structure guarantees the truth of the conclusion if the premises are true

Question 24

valid argument

Answer 24

a deducitve argument that suceeds in providing conclusive support for its conclusion

Question 25

weak argument

Answer 25

an inductive argument that fails to provide strong support for its conclusion