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Sociology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Empiricism

A

philosophy of science that emphasizes evidence from experiments

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2
Q

Critical Thinking

A

objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment by exercising information and media literacy and having the willingness to change opinions

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3
Q

Scientific Method def

A

systematic search that is built over time and re-tested, after it is proven is most likely real

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4
Q

Qualitative

A

scientific method without numbers

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5
Q

Quantitative

A

uses numbers and data, often makes it possible to generalize about larger populations with random samples

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6
Q

Qualitative Research Methods

A

observation, ethnography, interviews

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7
Q

Quantitative Research Methods

A

survey, experiment, existing data

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8
Q

Ethics

A

deals with right and wrong, the choices people make and how they justify them

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9
Q

Research Ethics

A

balance of potential knowledge and potential harm, goal to increase knowledge and minimize/ eliminate harm

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10
Q

What are the six issues sociologists consider to determine the research question/s merit and feasibility?

A

Do I already know the answer? Is my question researchable? Is my question clear? Does my question have a connection to social scientific scholarship? Does my question balance the general and specific? Do I care about the answer?

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11
Q

Three main factors that influences social research

A

theoretical tradition, values and morals, and ethics

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12
Q

Values

A

the belief systems that shape sociologists own views and perspectives on the world they study

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13
Q

Theoretical Traditions

A

a conceptual framework that sociologists use to make sense of the world

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14
Q

Code of Ethics

A

a set of guidelines that outline what is considered moral and acceptable behavior

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15
Q

Informed Consent

A

voluntary participation of someone in a research project or medical treatment based on the participant/patient having a full understanding of possible risks and benefits

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16
Q

Institutional Review Boards

A

organizations that operate at most universities to uphold ethical standards of research

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17
Q

Operationalize

A

specify the operations and techniques that will be used to examine the concepts that are the focus of the study - how they answer who, what, when where, how, also when they decide how to measure variables

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18
Q

Researchers seek to separate…

A

independent and dependent variables

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19
Q

Independent Variable

A

things they think influence or cause a particular outcome

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20
Q

Dependent Variable

A

the outcome from the independent variable

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21
Q

Scientific Method Steps

A

formulate a research hypothesis, predict the relationship between independent and dependent variables, find existing data or collect new data, analyze data, draw conclusions

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22
Q

Mixed-Method Research

A

combines numerical and observational evidence

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23
Q

Survey

A

type of interview that is a questionnaire that asks standardized questions of representative groups of people, mostly close-ended questions

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24
Q

General Social Survey

A

created by sociologists every year since 1972 that asks about individual’s backgrounds and other topics

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25
Q

Panel Study of Income Dynamics

A

conducted every other year since 168 that re-interviews members of several thousand families and their kids about stuff like employment, income, wealth, expenditures, health, marriage, childbearing, and child development

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26
Q

American National Election Study

A

every other year survey of political attitudes and voting conducted in every national election year since 1948

27
Q

Margin of Error

A

when sampling a population, there is always random error depending on sample size - inverse relationship

28
Q

Downsides of Surveys

A

expensive and time-consuming

29
Q

In-Depth Interview

A

extended conversations with a much smaller amount of respondents

30
Q

Pro of in-depth interviews

A

capable of getting detailed answers like how people act and why with context

31
Q

Two Types of in-depth interviews

A

semi-structured and open-ended

32
Q

Semi-Structured Interviews

A

questions follow a systematic order and are prepared ahead of time

33
Q

Open-Ended Interviews

A

looser format of questions that allow subjects to tell their story

34
Q

Ethnography

A

qualitative research method for studying the way of life of a group of people by close observation over long period of time

35
Q

Pro of Ethnography

A

gives thick descriptions

35
Q

Con of Ethnography

A

hard to generalize or apply to broader ideas

35
Q

Thick Descriptions

A

detailed descriptions of the ways they make sense of their lives, from the perspective of the people themselves

36
Q

Phases of Extended Case Method

A

theoretical claim, research question, ethnographic observation, revision to theory

37
Q

Field Experiments

A

apply methods of experimental design within a naturally occurring social context, using treatment and control groups

38
Q

pros of field experiments

A

can be developed and conducted by anyone

39
Q

cons of field experiments

A

involve minor deceptions and sometimes can’t be generalized

40
Q

good sample=

A

representative of whole population it is trying to represent

41
Q

Representative Sample

A

each member of a population has an equal likelihood of being contacted

42
Q

Random Sampling

A

each subject is selected entirely by random

43
Q

Weighting

A

attempting to make sure that the characteristics of their sample reflect those of the population by giving underrepresented individuals a slightly higher weight

44
Q

Access

A

the ability or right to approach, enter, exit, communicate with, or make use of research sites and materials

45
Q

Reliability

A

the extent to which the same measurement technique in additional studies would end up producing similar results

46
Q

Validity

A

whether the measurement a researcher is using is actually accurate

47
Q

Causality

A

when change is one variable is a direct cause of change in another variable

48
Q

Correlation

A

relationship between two variables

49
Q

Empirical Generalizability

A

conclusions can be applied beyond its immediate context

50
Q

Theoretical Generalizability

A

results of a study relate to broader theoretical puzzles

51
Q

Causal Inference

A

statement about cause and effect, that a change in one variable is the cause of the change in another variable

52
Q

Spurious Relationship

A

when two factors seem to be correlated but are both caused by a third factor

53
Q

Cross-Sectional Data

A

all data is collected at one time

54
Q

Longitudinal Data

A

collected over a long period of time

55
Q

Big Data Volume

A

quantity is too great to collect, store, manipulate and analyze using traditional computer and statistical methods

56
Q

Big Data Velocity

A

generated continuously as people use information and communication technologies

57
Q

Big Data Variety

A

comes in many formats and structures

58
Q

Metadata

A

data about data

59
Q

Computational Social Science

A

new subfield that combines big data with algorithmic methods to answer social scientific questions

60
Q

Algorithm

A

set of rules used in the decision-making process

61
Q

Text-As-Data

A

possibility that texts can be analyzed as systematically as other kinds of data

62
Q

Data Coding

A

organizing data according to key categories and concepts

Sociology (6 decks)

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