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110 Psychology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Central Nervous SYstem

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Consists of all other nerve cells in the rest of the body
-Somatic (voluntary behavior)
-Autonomic (less voluntary action e.g. heart rate)

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3
Q

Neuron

A

-The basic unit of the nervous system
-Receive, integrate, and transmit information

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4
Q

Neural Networks

A

-Develop through genetic influence
-They are powered by electrical impulses and communicate with other nerve cells through chemical signals

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5
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Detect info from the physical world and pass it on to the brain (e.g. touching a hot pot)

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6
Q

Somatosensory nerves

A

Nerves that provide info from the skin and muscles

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7
Q

Motor neuron

A

Direct muscles to contract or relax, thereby producing movement

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8
Q

Interneurons

A

Relay stations facilitating communication between sensory and motor neurons

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9
Q

Dendrites

A

Short, branchlike appendages detect chemical signals from other neurons

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10
Q

Cell Body (soma)

A

the info received via the dendrites from thousands of other neurons

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11
Q

Axon

A

-A long, narrow outgrowth that electrical impulses are transmitted along
-Carry information between the brain and other locations in the body

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12
Q

Terminal buttons

A

Bulbs at the end of axons

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13
Q

Synapse

A

The site where chemical communication occurs between neurons, a tiny gap between terminal buttons

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14
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

A plastic tube encasing many axons

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15
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Small gaps of exposed axon

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16
Q

Membrane

A

-Outer surface of a membrane
-Selectively permeable

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17
Q

Action potential

A

Electrical signal that passes along the axon

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18
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

-The difference between electrical charge on the inside compared to the outside

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19
Q

All-or-none

A

-Dictates that a neuron fires with the same potency every time
-Never “weak” or “strong”

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20
Q

Presynaptic/postsynaptic neuron

A

-Pre: Sends the signal
-Post: Receives the signal

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21
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals made in the axon or cell body

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22
Q

Receptors

A

Specialized protein molecules located in the postsynaptic membrane that respond to the chemical structure of the neurotransmitter

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23
Q

Reuptake

A

When the neurotransmitter is taken back into the presynaptic terminal buttons

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24
Q

Agonist and Antagonist Drugs

A

-Agonists ENHANCE the effects of neurotransmitters
-Antagonists INHIBIT their effects

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25
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Method that measures electrical activity in the brain by attaching electrodes to the head

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26
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Injecting a harmless radioactive substance into the bloodstream and measuring the most active areas

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27
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

Assesses changes in the blood oxygen level in the brain

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28
Q

Transcranial magnetic sytimulation (TMS)

A

Uses a very fast but powerful magnetic field to disrupt neural activity momentarily in a specific region

29
Q

Difference between methods of brain imaging

A

-EEG provides info on WHEN a brain response occurs, fMRI and PET provide info about WHERE a response occurs

30
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The outer layer of cerebral hemispheres, gives the brain its wrinkled appearance
-Lateral & Central fissure

31
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

A bridge of millions of myelinated axons (white matter), connects the hemispheres and allows info to flow between them

32
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Back of the head, dedicated to vision

33
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Devoted partially to touch. The left hemisphere receives touch signals from the right side and the right hemisphere receives touch signals from the left

34
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

-Holds the primary auditory cortex, the region responsible for hearing

35
Q
A
36
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Responsible for planning and movement

37
Q

Fusiform face area

A

-Intersection of temporal and occipital lobes, most active when we look at and recognize faces

38
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Along the central fissure, include neurons that project directly to the spinal cord to move muscles

39
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Frontmost portion of frontal lobe
-Responsible for attention, working memory, decision-making, appropriate social behavior, and personality

40
Q

Split brain condition

A

When corpus callosum is severed and brain’s halves don’t communicate with one another

41
Q

Thalamus

A

Gateway to the cortex, receives almost all incoming sensory information, organizes it, and relays it to the cortex

42
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Brain’s main regulatory structure.
-Regulates body temp, blood pressure, blood glucise levels
-Motivated behavios: Thirst, hunger, aggression, and sexual desire

43
Q

Hippocampus

A

Forms new memories

44
Q

Amygdala

A

Involved in learning about biologically relevant stimuli, such as those important for survival. Responds to stimuli that elicit fear

45
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

A system of subcortical structures crucial for planning and producing movement

46
Q

Brain stem

A

An extension of the spinal cord; houses structures that control functions associated with survival
-Control heart rate, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, urination, and orgasm

47
Q

Cerebellum

A

A large, protrusion at the back of the brain stem
-essential for coordinated movement and balance, motor learning, and motor memory

48
Q

Insula

A

Part of the cerebral cortex that lies deep within the folds of the lateral fissure

49
Q

Gustatory cortex

A

Necessary for sense of taste

50
Q

Subcortical structures

A

Important for understanding psychological functions include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the basal ganglia

51
Q
A
52
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Located at the base of the hypothalamus
-“it sends hormonal signals to other endocrine glands, controlling their release of hormones.”

53
Q

Plasticity

A

A property of the brain that allows it to change as a result of experience or injury

54
Q

Neurogenesis

A

“a type of brain plasticity that involves production of new neurons”

55
Q

Cortical reorganization

A

a process where a stimulus changes an existing cortical map and creates a new one (E.g. physical therapy following an injury to the hand-controlling region of motor cortex)

56
Q

Gene expression

A

Whether a particular gene is turned on or off
-Can be influenced by the environment (E.g. fur colors changing depending on the season to blend in w/ nature)

57
Q

Chromosome

A

-Structures within the cell body made up of DNA, segments that comprise individual genes
-Everyone gets 23

58
Q

Dominant gene

A

A gene expressed in the offspring whenever it’s present

59
Q

Recessive gene

A

A gene only expressed when it is matched with a similar gene from the other parent

60
Q

“Can human variation in skin color be understood as a single-gene dominant/recessive trait?”

A

“No, human skin color is a polygenic characteristic and influenced by the environment”

61
Q

Monozygotic twins (MZ)

A

Identical twins
One zygote splitting in tow, the same genetic makeup

62
Q

Dizygotic twins (DZ)

A

Fraternal twins
-Result from two different fertilized eggs and don’t have the exact same genetic makeup

63
Q

Heredity

A

“Transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring through genes”

64
Q

Heritability

A

“A statistical estimate of the extent to which variation in a trait within a population is due to genetics.”

65
Q

“When studying trait similarity and genes, why do researchers compare monozygotic twins with dizygotic twins”

A

MZ twins have the same exact genes, so if each pair of twins grew up together, then similarities observed in MZ twins is likely due to genes not other factors

66
Q

Epigenetics

A

“the study of how the environment changes genetic expression in a way that might be passed along to offspring”

67
Q

Optogenetics

A

uses light to control the activity of cells in living organisms
-helps to understand the relationship between neural firing and behavior

68
Q
A

110 Psychology (3 decks)

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