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110 Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Case study

A

-Deep, rich investigation of a single case (one participant, small group)
-Used for rare phenomena (e.g. brain injury, cults, diesease, etc.)
-Pros: real-life observation, rich description
-Cons: limited generalizability

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2
Q

Correlational Research

A

-Observational or survey methodology
-Pros: Easy to get large samples, can ask about wider variety of events than can be manipulated in a lab, easier to ensure generalizability
-Cons: Self-report biases, unknown third variables, etc.)

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3
Q

Correlation

A

An expression of the relationship between 2 variables
-Positive: Temperature and popsicle consumption
Negative: Temperature and hot coco consumption

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4
Q

Magnitude

A

-The size of intensity of a phenomena
-Can vary from 1 to -1

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5
Q

Absolute Magnitude

A

The STRENGTH of a correlational relationship, a larger number=stronger relationship
-E.g. r=87 is stronger than r=+23

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6
Q

Why can’t correlation tell us about causation?

A

-Only shows the relationship between two variables, not a causal relationship
-Possible third variables

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7
Q

Experiment/Experimental research

A

Manipulation of one set of variables to assess the effects on other variables
-Pros: Can draw causal inferences

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8
Q

Independent Variable

A

-Hypothesized variable, what’s being manipulated, must be operationalized/specified, and different levels of it must be randomly assigned

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9
Q

Dependent Variable

A

-The result of the manipulation of IV

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10
Q

Good research

A

-Avoids confounds
-Avoids bias
-Feels psychologically “real”
-Treats participants ethically

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11
Q

Confound

A

-Any alternative variable that covaries with the experimental condition that could explain differences between experimental groups
-Ex. Zendaya being morning experimenter and Dave Chapelle was the evening experimenter. Ppl will be more receptive to Zendaya than Dave

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12
Q

How to avoid confounds

A

-Rigid Control: Every participant’s experience is controlled/identical except for the manipulation
-Randomly vary as many “nonessentials” as possible so any differences presumable average out

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13
Q

Scientific Method

A
  1. Theory
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Research
    4 Research either supports or refutes the theory
  4. You either discard or revise the theory OR strengthen the theory
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14
Q

Occam’s razor

A

Theory developed by William of Occam
-The simpler the theory, the better

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15
Q

Operational Definition/Operationalize

A

-Definitions that qualify (describe) and quantify (measure) variables so that they can be understood objectively

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16
Q

Why might studies not replicate?

A

-False positive: Produces a seemingly trustworthy result by CHANCE
-Questionable research practices (small, samples, HARKing, P-hacking, Underreporting null effects)

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17
Q

HARKing

A

-Hypothesizing after results are known

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18
Q

P-hacking

A

Running statistical tests over and over with different variations until you get a trustworthy result

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19
Q

Best practices for psychological science

A

-Preregistration
-Meta-Analysis: A type of study that is an analysis of multiple analyses, studies something that’s already been conducted

20
Q

Descriptive research

A

Observing behavior to DESCRIBE that behavior objectively and systematically

21
Q

Positive correlation

A

When both variables increase or decrease together

22
Q

Negative correlation

A

The variables move in opposite directions

23
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

A descriptive statistic that provides a numerical value between +1.0 and -1.0 that indicates the strength of the relationships between two variables

24
Q

Confidentiality

A

Personal identifying information about participants can’t be shared with others

25
Q

Annonymity

A

The researchers don’t collect personal, identifying information in the first place

26
Q

Informed consent

A

informing particpants about the risks and benefits of participating in a study

27
Q

Beneficience

A

The obligation of researchers to weigh the potential benefits of a study against its potential risks

28
Q

Mundane realism

A

The lab tasks/decorations mirror real-world environment in hopes of capturing more natural behavior

29
Q

Psychological realism

A

The tasks themselves capture the psychological process in a controllable setting
-More important than mundane realism
(Eg. the chocolate/radish test)

30
Q

Internal validity

A

The degree to which the effects observed in an experiment are due to the independent variable and not to confounds.

31
Q

External validity

A

The degree to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other people, settings, or situations.

32
Q

Construct validity

A

The extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure

33
Q

Gene

A

-segments of DNA that provides instructions for building polypeptides/proteins
-unit of heredity
-All humans have 99% of the same DNA, but the few differences in sequencing matter

34
Q

Genotype

A

-The actual genetic constitution of the DNA sequence itself
-The same genotype can be expressed in different phenotypes

35
Q

Phenotype

A

observable expression of characteristics, result from genes and environment
-The same phenotype can result from different genotypes (E.g. tonguerolling)

36
Q

Evocative/Reactive interaction

A

When a HERITABLE feature changes how the environment RESPONDS to you

37
Q

Active Interaction

A

When genes make certain environments appealing, and those environments bring out MORE of that genetic factor to begin with

38
Q

Niches

A

Environments and genetics working in concert to support a trait

39
Q

Experimentation aversion

A

The tendency to prefer untested treatments or conditions over participating in a randomized study to one or the other treatment or condition

40
Q

Central tendency

A

-Mean
-Median
-Mode

41
Q

Standard deviation

A

How spread out the numbers are, how far each value is from the mean

42
Q

Hormone

A

Chemicals released from the endocrine system, influence physical AND psychological states

43
Q

Oxytocin

A

-“Bonding” hormone
-Released during labor
-If it’s blocked, some maternal mammals are more likely to reject their infants
-BUT not required for most mammals
-Down regulates cortisol
-Time with infant evokes oxytocin release in any bonded caregiver
-Infants, mates, friends and pets

44
Q

Cortisol

A

-Stress hormone released by adrenal glands
-Down regulates dopamine
-Released situationally in times of stress
-Evaluative stress (fear of ppl judging you)
-

45
Q

Microbiome

A

-Trillions of organisms living on and in us
-Bacterial genome as powerful as human genome in predicting some phenotypes
-Gut bacteria influence digestion, obesity, anxiety, and mood

46
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

-Somatic (info to and from muscles, joints, skin)
-Autonomic (internal organs and glands)

47
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

-Sympathetic: “Fight of flight,” prepares body for action
High Heart rate, vasoconstriction, high blood sugar
-Parasympathetic: “Rest and digest,” returns body to resting state
-low heart rate, vasodilation, vagus nerve connecting the gut to brain and transmit relax responses

110 Psychology (3 decks)

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