Chapter 3 Flashcards
Ethics and Open Science
utilitarian perspective
the perspective, the ethical decisions should be based on doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
ethics
the application of moral principles to help guide on decisions and behaviour.
altruistic perspective
the perspective, the ethical decision should be based on helping without personal benefit.
egoism
the perspective that ethical decisions should be based on acting in accordance with one’s own self interest.
cost-benefit analysis
systematic process in which a researcher weighs all the potential and known benefits against all the potential unknown risks before conducting a study.
beneficence
actively promoting the welfare of others; an ethical obligation to maximize been benefits in research studies.
nonmaleficence
do you no harm; an ethical obligation to mitigate or eliminate risks to study participants.
loss of confidentiality
failure to protect the privacy of individuals; a potential risk to participants.
anonymity
guarantee in research studies the individual responses cannot be linked back to individual participants.
physical harm
a physical toll that study participation may have; a potential risk to participants.
psychological harm
a psychological tool that study participants may have, such as stress, negative emotions, or loss of self-esteem; a potential risk to participants.
cost of not doing the research
considering the potential beneficial application of study findings when doing a cost benefit analysis.
justice
fairness in selecting study participants in determining which participants receive the benefits of participation and which bear of the burden of risk.
clinical equipoise
uncertainty as to which of two treatment options is more beneficial when conducting a study.
autonomy
freely making an informed decision about participation in research.
assent
an active affirmation of a desire to participate from a person who does not have the ability to consent themselves; consent must be also sought from the legal guardian.
scientific integrity
commitment to intellectual honesty and adherence to ethical principles in scientific research.
open science
the practice of freely sharing scientific work along all stages of the research process.
direct replication
an attempt to confirm previous research findings using the original studies methodology.
conceptual replications
an attempt to confirm previous research findings using different methods to test the same hypothesis.
reproducibility
re-analyzing a studies data to confirm the studies conclusions.
questionable research practices (QRP)
techniques for conducting research that seem reasonable in certain context, but artificially increase the chances of finding significant results.
confederate
an accomplice of the experiment.
deception
intentionally misleading participants in some fashion.
institutional review board (IRB)
a board that reviews that ethical merit of all the human research conducted at an institution.
institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC)
a board that reviews the ethical merit and research procedures for all animal research conducted with an institution and ensures research animals have proper living conditions.
file drawer problem
a bias in the scientific community to publish only findings that confirm a researcher hypothesis.
plagiarism
representing others’ works or ideas as our own, or without giving proper credit.
paraphrase
summarizing others’ ideas in our own words while providing a proper citation.
