Chapter 2

Question 1

empirical research

Answer 1

using direct na indirect observations and experiences to test questions.

Question 2

peer review

Answer 2

when other scientific researchers review articles before publication.

Question 3

research reports

Answer 3

a description of an empirical research study.

Question 4

systematic review

Answer 4

synthesizes a number of research articles on a topic.

Question 5

meta-analysis

Answer 5

a statistical analysis that compares or combines studies.

Question 6

hypothesis

Answer 6

an educated guess.

Question 7

scientific law

Answer 7

a statement based on repeated research that says something about the world.

Question 8

scientific theory

Answer 8

a well-substantiated explanation about something in the world.

Question 9

introspection

Answer 9

research on self.

Question 10

Occam’s razor

Answer 10

cut away certain parts, don’t be too wordy. (aka the principle of parsimony)

Question 11

Barnum effect

Answer 11

tendency for people to believe general descriptions about their personality.

Question 12

variables

Answer 12

factors or elements you expect to change.

Question 13

constant

Answer 13

factor that doesn’t change/stays constant.

Question 14

conceptual definition

Answer 14

defending a variable in theoretical terms.

Question 15

operational definition

Answer 15

defining how the variables will be used in your study.

Question 16

experimental designs

Answer 16

the researcher controls or manipulates on variable for a cause-and-effect chain to go off between independent and dependent variables.

Question 17

independent variable

Answer 17

manipulated variable in a study.

Question 18

dependent variable

Answer 18

measures in response to the independent variable; the outcome of effect.

Question 19

non-experimental design

Answer 19

no control over independent variable; no cause and effect relationships can be established. (often used to describe a phenomenon) (aka correlation design)

Question 20

explanatory variable

Answer 20

a potential causal variable in a non-experimental study. (aka predictor variable)

Question 21

criterion variable

Answer 21

the outcome variable in non-experimental designs. (aka response variable)

Question 22

levels

Answer 22

different variations of the independent variable determined by the researcher.

Question 23

between-subjects-design

Answer 23

participants are only assessed once on the dependent variable.

Question 24

within-subjects-design

Answer 24

participants are assessed multiple times on the dependent variable.

Question 25

longitudinal design

Answer 25

a collection of data on participants over a certain span on time.

Question 26

programmatic research

Answer 26

studies built on previous studies to go deeper/get more answers.

Question 27

research protocol

Answer 27

step by step “script” of study.

Question 28

script

Answer 28

set of instructions for the researcher to read to participants.

Question 29

informed consent

Answer 29

because of ethics; participants are told risks and benefits of the study.

Question 30

debriefing

Answer 30

because of ethics; explains everything that happened in the study (afterwards) to participants.

Question 31

data

Answer 31

distinct pieces of information.

Question 32

research poster

Answer 32

a formal visual research presentation.

Question 33

paper presentation

Answer 33

researcher presented orally. (often use PowerPoints or some type of presentation)

Question 34

APA style

Answer 34

• American Psychological Association
• standard set of rules everyone follows when sharing research