CHAPTER 3 Flashcards
HOW DOES INFO GET PASSED IN THE NEURON?
sensory->inter->motor
how does basis of information processes?
Dendrite->cell body->axon->axon terminal
sensory neuron
conduct info from the sensory receptors in the body into the spinal cord and brain
inter neuron
associate sensory and motor activity in the CNS
motor neuron
carry info from the brain and spinal cord out to the body muscles
bipolar neuron
(sensory)
found in the retina of the eye
transmit afferent sensory info from the retina light receptors to the neurons that carry info into brains visual center
somatosensory neuron
(sensory)
brings sensory info from the body into the spinal cord (a long distance)
stellate
a specific type of interneuron
purkinje cell
(inter)
distinctive with extremely branched dendrites that form a fan shape
pyramidal cell
(inter)
carry info from the cortex to the rest of the brain and spinal cord
where do motor neurons reside in
the lower brainstem and spinal cord
what must all efferent neurons pass through
motor neurons
what happens when a neuron gets exciting or inhibiting?
a neural network can detect sensory info and “decide” what kind of motor response to make to that info
how many types of glial cells exist
5
ependymal cell
small ovid
secretes cerebrospinal fluid
astrocytes
structural support for neurons
oligodendroglia cell
wraps tightly around axons to form the myelin sheat
isolates part of the axon and speed up electrical signals
Schwann cell
wraps around peripheral nerves to form myelin
microglial cell
small, derived from blood, remove dead issue
identify and attack foreign tissue
organelles
the internal parts of a cell
what are cell products called
protein
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function
rna travels and is translated to form a protein
tumor
an uncontrolled growth of new tissue that in independent of surrounding structure
how many axons does a neuron have
ONLY 1
How many neurons and glial cells are in the human nervous system
86 billion euros
87 billion glial cells
cell membrane
provides protection for a cell
what are neurons and glia separated by
extraceullar fluid which is CSF
nuclear membrane
serves to separate the chromosomes from the cell’s cytoplasm and other contents.
what does the cell membrane separate
The cell membrane separates the intracellular from the extracellular fluid, allowing the cell to function as an independent unit
What are genes?
segments of DNA that encode the synthesis of particular proteins. Genes are contained within the chromosomes, the double-helix structures that hold an organism’s entire DNA library.
how many chromosomes in human body
A human somatic (body) cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes, or 46 chromosomes in all
protein
is a folded-up polypeptide chain; its shape is important to the function that it serves.
channels
Opening in a protein embedded in the cell membrane that allows the passage of ions
gate
Protein embedded in a cell membrane that allows substances to pass through the membrane on some occasions but not on others.
homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a trait.
alleles
the alternative form or versions of a gene.
heterozygous
Having two different alleles for the same trait.
mutation
Alteration of an allele that yields a different version of its protein.
Tay-Sachs disease
Inherited birth defect caused by the loss of genes that encode the enzyme necessary for breaking down certain fatty substances; appears 4 to 6 months after birth and results in intellectual disability, physical changes, and death by about age 5.
huntington disease
Hereditary disease characterized by chorea (ceaseless involuntary jerky movements) and progressive dementia, ending in death.
Down syndrome
Chromosomal abnormality resulting in intellectual impairment and other abnormalities, usually caused by an extra chromosome 21.
transgenic animal
Product of technology in which one or more genes from one species is introduced into the genome of another species to be passed along and expressed in subsequent generations.
