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Brain and behavior CH 1 > CHAPTER 2 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Agenesis

A

the failure of brains regions to develop

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2
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

the individuals capacity to develop a range of phenotypes

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2
Q

coronal section

A

is cut in a vertical plane

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2
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

the brain’s capacity to continue growing and evolving in response to life experiences.

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3
Q

horizontal section

A

view falls along the horizon

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4
Q

the enteric system

A

often considered part of the autonomic nervous system
controls digestion and stomach contraction

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5
Q

sagittal section

A

cut lengthways from front to back and viewed from the side

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5
Q

caudal

A

near or toward the tail of an animal

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6
Q

anterior

A

near or toward the front of the head

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7
Q

dorsal

A

on or toward the back of a 4 legged animal

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8
Q

frontal

A

of the front

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9
Q

interior

A

below

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10
Q

lateral

A

toward the side of the body or brain

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11
Q

medial

A

toward the middle, midline

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12
Q

posterior

A

toward the beak (front)

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13
Q

superior

A

above

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14
Q

ventral

A

on or toward the belly

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15
Q

corpus callosum

A

a thick bundle of nerves that connects the left and rights cerebral hemispheres, allowing for interhemisphere communication

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16
Q

Brainstem and its 3 regions

A

begins where spinal cord enters the skull
cerebellum runs through the brainstem
hindbrain
midbrain
diencephalon

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17
Q

hindbran

A

recticular formation
pons
medulla

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18
Q

reticular formation

A

stimulates
regulation of sleep-wake behavior and aroused

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19
Q

pons (bridge)

A

connects cerebellum to the rest of the brain

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20
Q

medulla

A

control of breathing and heart rate

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21
Q

the dura mater

A

the outer, a tough durable layer of fibrous tissue that attached to the skull and enclosed the brain and spinal cord in a kind of loose sac

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22
Q

brain and body orientation

A

illustrates brain structures location from the frame of reference of human face

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23
Q

spatial orientation

A

he ability to be aware of your relationships with the environment around you (exteroceptive processes) and with yourself (interoceptive processes).

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24
Q

anatomical orientation

A

illustrates the direction of a cut through the human brain

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25
Q

meninges

A

3 layers of protective tissue that encase the brain and spinal cord

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26
Q

the arachnoid layer

A

the middle, ultra thin sheet of delicate connective tissue that follows the brain contours

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27
Q

the Pia meter

A

the inner, a moderately tough membrane of connective tissue that clings to the brains surfaces

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28
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

a colorless solution of sodium, chloride, and other ions.
flows better the middle and inner layer

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29
Q

cerebral cortex

A

heavily folded and layer tissue that is outer structure of the forebrain
responsible for higher lever processing

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29
Q

meningitis and encephalitis

A

when harmful bacteria or fungi invades the layers of meninges
symptoms- severe headache, stiff neck

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30
Q

gyri

A

gyrus, small protrusions or bumps formed by the folding of the cerebral cortex

31
Q

sulci

A

sulcus, grooves in brain matter, most are in the neocortex or cerebellum

32
Q

what 3 major arteries send blood to the cerebrum?

A

the anterior
the muddle
the posterior cerebral arteries

33
Q

stroke

A

sudden appearance of neurological symptoms of severely reduced blood flow

34
Q

ischemic storke

A

a blood vessel is blocked by a blood clot (thrombus) or cancer called embolus

35
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

results from a burst vessel bleeding into the brain

36
Q

gray matter

A

areas of the nervous system composed predominantly of neuronal cell bodies that collect and modify information and capillary blood vessels that support this activity

37
Q

white matter

A

areas of the nervous system with fat rich, myelin sheathed neuronal axons that form the connection between neurons

38
Q

lateral ventricles

A

two wing shaped cavities that contain cerebrospinal fluid

39
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

a canal that runs down the length of the spinal cord

40
Q

pineal gland

A

a small gland in the center of the brain. It secretes the hormone melatonin and is primarily responsible for regulating patterns of sleep and wakinga tiny endocrine gland in the middle of your brain that helps regulate your body’s circadian rhythm by secreting the hormone melatonin

41
Q

neurons

A

carry out the brains communicative and informative processing functions

42
Q

glial cells

A

aid and modulate the neuron activities

43
Q

what happens when axons run along together

A

they form a nerve or tract

44
Q

tract?

A

a collection of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord, whereas bundles of fibers outside the CNS are typically called nerves

45
Q

the prosencephalon

A

front brain, is responsible for olfaction(the sense of smell)

46
Q

the mesencephalon

A

(middle brain) the seat of vision and hearing

47
Q

the rhombencephalon

A

(hindbrain) controls movements and balance

48
Q

hindbrain

A

controls motor functions ranging from breathing to balancing to fine movement such as dancing

49
Q

orienting movement

A

related to sensory inputs, such as turning the head to see the source of a sound

50
Q

diencephalon

A

integrates sensory and motor information on its way to cerebral cortex
hypothalamus and thalamus

51
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls hunger, thirst, sexual behavior and hormones as well as temp regulation

52
Q

thalamus

A

much larger than hypothalamus
organizer and integrator of sensory information traveling to the cerebral cortex from all sensory system

53
Q

forebrain

A

the largest
coordinates advanced cognitive functions such as thinking, planning, and language
contained the all-cortex, neocortex, and basal ganglia

54
Q

allocortex

A

composed of 3 or 4 layers, controls motivational and emotional states

55
Q

hippocampus

A

seahorse (memories)

55
Q

amygdala

A

almond(anxiety and fear)

55
Q

neocortex

A

composed of 6 layers of gray matter

55
Q

what does the all-cortex include

A

hippocampus
amygdaka
cingulate cortex

56
Q

cingulate cortex

A

above corpus callosum
(emotion forming, learning,)

57
Q

limbic system

A

controlling affective and motivated behaviors

58
Q

olfactory system

A

responsible for detecting odor

59
Q

the vomeronsal organ (VNO)

A

contains sensory neurons and detect pheromones

60
Q

neocortical layers

A

six layers
different layers have different types of cells

61
Q

cytoarchitectonic map

A

map of the neocortex based on the organization, structure and distribution of the cells

62
Q

basal ganglia

A

voluntary movements
a collection of nuclei that lie in the forebrain just below the white matter of the cortex

63
Q

what does basal ganglia consist of

A

the caudate nucleus, the putamen, the globes pallidus

64
Q

parkisons disease

A

a moto system disorder characterized by severe tremors, muscular rigidy, and a reduction in voluntary movement

65
Q

tourettes syndrome

A

motor tics, involuntary vocalizaition

66
Q

Principle 1

A

the nervous system produces movement in a perceptual world the brain constructs

66
Q

law of Bell and magendie

A

sensory fibers are dorsal and motor fibers are ventral

67
Q

principle 2

A

neuroplasticity is the hallmark of nervous system functioning

67
Q

principle 3

A

the CNS functions on multiple levels

68
Q

principle 4

A

many brain circuits are crossed

69
Q

principle 5

A

the brain is symmetrical and asymmetrical

70
Q

principle 7

A

brain system are organized hierarchically and in parallel

70
Q

principle 9

A

the brain divides sensory input for object recognition and movement

71
Q

principle 8

A

sensory and motor divisions primate the nervous system

72
Q

principle 10

A

brain functions are localized and distributed

73
Q

principle 11

A

the nervous system works by juxtaposing excitation and inhibition

74
Q

how does basis of information processes?

A

Dendrite->cell body->axon->axon terminal

Brain and behavior CH 1 (4 decks)

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