CHAPTER 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Agenesis
A
the failure of brains regions to develop
2
Q
phenotypic plasticity
A
the individuals capacity to develop a range of phenotypes
2
Q
coronal section
A
is cut in a vertical plane
2
Q
Neuroplasticity
A
the brain’s capacity to continue growing and evolving in response to life experiences.
3
Q
horizontal section
A
view falls along the horizon
4
Q
the enteric system
A
often considered part of the autonomic nervous system
controls digestion and stomach contraction
5
Q
sagittal section
A
cut lengthways from front to back and viewed from the side
5
Q
caudal
A
near or toward the tail of an animal
6
Q
anterior
A
near or toward the front of the head
7
Q
dorsal
A
on or toward the back of a 4 legged animal
8
Q
frontal
A
of the front
9
Q
interior
A
below
10
Q
lateral
A
toward the side of the body or brain
11
Q
medial
A
toward the middle, midline
12
Q
posterior
A
toward the beak (front)
13
Q
superior
A
above
14
Q
ventral
A
on or toward the belly
15
Q
corpus callosum
A
a thick bundle of nerves that connects the left and rights cerebral hemispheres, allowing for interhemisphere communication
16
Q
Brainstem and its 3 regions
A
begins where spinal cord enters the skull
cerebellum runs through the brainstem
hindbrain
midbrain
diencephalon
17
Q
hindbran
A
recticular formation
pons
medulla
18
Q
reticular formation
A
stimulates
regulation of sleep-wake behavior and aroused
19
Q
pons (bridge)
A
connects cerebellum to the rest of the brain
20
Q
medulla
A
control of breathing and heart rate
21
Q
the dura mater
A
the outer, a tough durable layer of fibrous tissue that attached to the skull and enclosed the brain and spinal cord in a kind of loose sac
22
brain and body orientation
illustrates brain structures location from the frame of reference of human face
23
spatial orientation
he ability to be aware of your relationships with the environment around you (exteroceptive processes) and with yourself (interoceptive processes).
24
anatomical orientation
illustrates the direction of a cut through the human brain
25
meninges
3 layers of protective tissue that encase the brain and spinal cord
26
the arachnoid layer
the middle, ultra thin sheet of delicate connective tissue that follows the brain contours
27
the Pia meter
the inner, a moderately tough membrane of connective tissue that clings to the brains surfaces
28
cerebrospinal fluid
a colorless solution of sodium, chloride, and other ions.
flows better the middle and inner layer
29
cerebral cortex
heavily folded and layer tissue that is outer structure of the forebrain
responsible for higher lever processing
29
meningitis and encephalitis
when harmful bacteria or fungi invades the layers of meninges
symptoms- severe headache, stiff neck
30
gyri
gyrus, small protrusions or bumps formed by the folding of the cerebral cortex
31
sulci
sulcus, grooves in brain matter, most are in the neocortex or cerebellum
32
what 3 major arteries send blood to the cerebrum?
the anterior
the muddle
the posterior cerebral arteries
33
stroke
sudden appearance of neurological symptoms of severely reduced blood flow
34
ischemic storke
a blood vessel is blocked by a blood clot (thrombus) or cancer called embolus
35
hemorrhagic stroke
results from a burst vessel bleeding into the brain
36
gray matter
areas of the nervous system composed predominantly of neuronal cell bodies that collect and modify information and capillary blood vessels that support this activity
37
white matter
areas of the nervous system with fat rich, myelin sheathed neuronal axons that form the connection between neurons
38
lateral ventricles
two wing shaped cavities that contain cerebrospinal fluid
39
cerebral aqueduct
a canal that runs down the length of the spinal cord
40
pineal gland
a small gland in the center of the brain. It secretes the hormone melatonin and is primarily responsible for regulating patterns of sleep and wakinga tiny endocrine gland in the middle of your brain that helps regulate your body's circadian rhythm by secreting the hormone melatonin
41
neurons
carry out the brains communicative and informative processing functions
42
glial cells
aid and modulate the neuron activities
43
what happens when axons run along together
they form a nerve or tract
44
tract?
a collection of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord, whereas bundles of fibers outside the CNS are typically called nerves
45
the prosencephalon
front brain, is responsible for olfaction(the sense of smell)
46
the mesencephalon
(middle brain) the seat of vision and hearing
47
the rhombencephalon
(hindbrain) controls movements and balance
48
hindbrain
controls motor functions ranging from breathing to balancing to fine movement such as dancing
49
orienting movement
related to sensory inputs, such as turning the head to see the source of a sound
50
diencephalon
integrates sensory and motor information on its way to cerebral cortex
hypothalamus and thalamus
51
hypothalamus
controls hunger, thirst, sexual behavior and hormones as well as temp regulation
52
thalamus
much larger than hypothalamus
organizer and integrator of sensory information traveling to the cerebral cortex from all sensory system
53
forebrain
the largest
coordinates advanced cognitive functions such as thinking, planning, and language
contained the all-cortex, neocortex, and basal ganglia
54
allocortex
composed of 3 or 4 layers, controls motivational and emotional states
55
hippocampus
seahorse (memories)
55
amygdala
almond(anxiety and fear)
55
neocortex
composed of 6 layers of gray matter
55
what does the all-cortex include
hippocampus
amygdaka
cingulate cortex
56
cingulate cortex
above corpus callosum
(emotion forming, learning,)
57
limbic system
controlling affective and motivated behaviors
58
olfactory system
responsible for detecting odor
59
the vomeronsal organ (VNO)
contains sensory neurons and detect pheromones
60
neocortical layers
six layers
different layers have different types of cells
61
cytoarchitectonic map
map of the neocortex based on the organization, structure and distribution of the cells
62
basal ganglia
voluntary movements
a collection of nuclei that lie in the forebrain just below the white matter of the cortex
63
what does basal ganglia consist of
the caudate nucleus, the putamen, the globes pallidus
64
parkisons disease
a moto system disorder characterized by severe tremors, muscular rigidy, and a reduction in voluntary movement
65
tourettes syndrome
motor tics, involuntary vocalizaition
66
Principle 1
the nervous system produces movement in a perceptual world the brain constructs
66
law of Bell and magendie
sensory fibers are dorsal and motor fibers are ventral
67
principle 2
neuroplasticity is the hallmark of nervous system functioning
67
principle 3
the CNS functions on multiple levels
68
principle 4
many brain circuits are crossed
69
principle 5
the brain is symmetrical and asymmetrical
70
principle 7
brain system are organized hierarchically and in parallel
70
principle 9
the brain divides sensory input for object recognition and movement
71
principle 8
sensory and motor divisions primate the nervous system
72
principle 10
brain functions are localized and distributed
73
principle 11
the nervous system works by juxtaposing excitation and inhibition
74
how does basis of information processes?
Dendrite->cell body->axon->axon terminal
