CHAPTER 2 Flashcards
Agenesis
the failure of brains regions to develop
phenotypic plasticity
the individuals capacity to develop a range of phenotypes
coronal section
is cut in a vertical plane
Neuroplasticity
the brain’s capacity to continue growing and evolving in response to life experiences.
horizontal section
view falls along the horizon
the enteric system
often considered part of the autonomic nervous system
controls digestion and stomach contraction
sagittal section
cut lengthways from front to back and viewed from the side
caudal
near or toward the tail of an animal
anterior
near or toward the front of the head
dorsal
on or toward the back of a 4 legged animal
frontal
of the front
interior
below
lateral
toward the side of the body or brain
medial
toward the middle, midline
posterior
toward the beak (front)
superior
above
ventral
on or toward the belly
corpus callosum
a thick bundle of nerves that connects the left and rights cerebral hemispheres, allowing for interhemisphere communication
Brainstem and its 3 regions
begins where spinal cord enters the skull
cerebellum runs through the brainstem
hindbrain
midbrain
diencephalon
hindbran
recticular formation
pons
medulla
reticular formation
stimulates
regulation of sleep-wake behavior and aroused
pons (bridge)
connects cerebellum to the rest of the brain
medulla
control of breathing and heart rate
the dura mater
the outer, a tough durable layer of fibrous tissue that attached to the skull and enclosed the brain and spinal cord in a kind of loose sac
brain and body orientation
illustrates brain structures location from the frame of reference of human face
spatial orientation
he ability to be aware of your relationships with the environment around you (exteroceptive processes) and with yourself (interoceptive processes).
anatomical orientation
illustrates the direction of a cut through the human brain
meninges
3 layers of protective tissue that encase the brain and spinal cord
the arachnoid layer
the middle, ultra thin sheet of delicate connective tissue that follows the brain contours
the Pia meter
the inner, a moderately tough membrane of connective tissue that clings to the brains surfaces
cerebrospinal fluid
a colorless solution of sodium, chloride, and other ions.
flows better the middle and inner layer
cerebral cortex
heavily folded and layer tissue that is outer structure of the forebrain
responsible for higher lever processing
meningitis and encephalitis
when harmful bacteria or fungi invades the layers of meninges
symptoms- severe headache, stiff neck
gyri
gyrus, small protrusions or bumps formed by the folding of the cerebral cortex
sulci
sulcus, grooves in brain matter, most are in the neocortex or cerebellum
what 3 major arteries send blood to the cerebrum?
the anterior
the muddle
the posterior cerebral arteries
stroke
sudden appearance of neurological symptoms of severely reduced blood flow
ischemic storke
a blood vessel is blocked by a blood clot (thrombus) or cancer called embolus
hemorrhagic stroke
results from a burst vessel bleeding into the brain
gray matter
areas of the nervous system composed predominantly of neuronal cell bodies that collect and modify information and capillary blood vessels that support this activity
white matter
areas of the nervous system with fat rich, myelin sheathed neuronal axons that form the connection between neurons
lateral ventricles
two wing shaped cavities that contain cerebrospinal fluid
cerebral aqueduct
a canal that runs down the length of the spinal cord
pineal gland
a small gland in the center of the brain. It secretes the hormone melatonin and is primarily responsible for regulating patterns of sleep and wakinga tiny endocrine gland in the middle of your brain that helps regulate your body’s circadian rhythm by secreting the hormone melatonin
neurons
carry out the brains communicative and informative processing functions
glial cells
aid and modulate the neuron activities
what happens when axons run along together
they form a nerve or tract
tract?
a collection of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord, whereas bundles of fibers outside the CNS are typically called nerves
the prosencephalon
front brain, is responsible for olfaction(the sense of smell)
the mesencephalon
(middle brain) the seat of vision and hearing
the rhombencephalon
(hindbrain) controls movements and balance
hindbrain
controls motor functions ranging from breathing to balancing to fine movement such as dancing
orienting movement
related to sensory inputs, such as turning the head to see the source of a sound
diencephalon
integrates sensory and motor information on its way to cerebral cortex
hypothalamus and thalamus
hypothalamus
controls hunger, thirst, sexual behavior and hormones as well as temp regulation
thalamus
much larger than hypothalamus
organizer and integrator of sensory information traveling to the cerebral cortex from all sensory system
forebrain
the largest
coordinates advanced cognitive functions such as thinking, planning, and language
contained the all-cortex, neocortex, and basal ganglia
allocortex
composed of 3 or 4 layers, controls motivational and emotional states
hippocampus
seahorse (memories)
amygdala
almond(anxiety and fear)
neocortex
composed of 6 layers of gray matter
what does the all-cortex include
hippocampus
amygdaka
cingulate cortex
cingulate cortex
above corpus callosum
(emotion forming, learning,)
limbic system
controlling affective and motivated behaviors
olfactory system
responsible for detecting odor
the vomeronsal organ (VNO)
contains sensory neurons and detect pheromones
neocortical layers
six layers
different layers have different types of cells
cytoarchitectonic map
map of the neocortex based on the organization, structure and distribution of the cells
basal ganglia
voluntary movements
a collection of nuclei that lie in the forebrain just below the white matter of the cortex
what does basal ganglia consist of
the caudate nucleus, the putamen, the globes pallidus
parkisons disease
a moto system disorder characterized by severe tremors, muscular rigidy, and a reduction in voluntary movement
tourettes syndrome
motor tics, involuntary vocalizaition
Principle 1
the nervous system produces movement in a perceptual world the brain constructs
law of Bell and magendie
sensory fibers are dorsal and motor fibers are ventral
principle 2
neuroplasticity is the hallmark of nervous system functioning
principle 3
the CNS functions on multiple levels
principle 4
many brain circuits are crossed
principle 5
the brain is symmetrical and asymmetrical
principle 7
brain system are organized hierarchically and in parallel
principle 9
the brain divides sensory input for object recognition and movement
principle 8
sensory and motor divisions primate the nervous system
principle 10
brain functions are localized and distributed
principle 11
the nervous system works by juxtaposing excitation and inhibition
how does basis of information processes?
Dendrite->cell body->axon->axon terminal
