Chapter 3

Question 1

Speed of Light (c)

Answer 1

2.998x10^8 m/s

Question 2

Wavelength (λ)

Answer 2

distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs in a wave

Question 3

Frequency (v)

Answer 3

number of successive wavelengths that pass a given point in a unit of time

Question 4

Amplitude

Answer 4

one-half the distance between the peaks and troughs

Question 5

Unit for Frequency

Answer 5

hertz (Hz)

Question 6

MHz –> Hz

Answer 6

1 –> 10^6

Question 7

GHz –> Hz

Answer 7

1 –> 10^9

Question 8

Speed of the Wave

Answer 8

λv

Question 9

As the wavelength increases, the frequency…

Answer 9

decreases

Question 10

As the frequency increases, the wavelength…

Answer 10

decreases

Question 11

Planck’s Number (h)

Answer 11

6.626x10^-34 Js

Question 12

E=

Answer 12

hv

Question 13

v=

Answer 13

c/λ

Question 14

Ground State (of an atom)

Answer 14

occurs when the electron is in the lowest energy orbit (n=1)

Question 15

Excited State (of an atom)

Answer 15

occurs when it is possible for the electron to move to an orbit with a higher n-value, which has higher energy

Question 16

An atom absorbs energy and the electron moves…

Answer 16

from a lower n to a higher n

Question 17

An atom emits energy and the electron moves…

Answer 17

from a lower n to a higher n

Question 18

Energy of Electron Orbital Movement (equation)

Answer 18

ΔE=k{[1/(n1)^2]-[1/(n2)^2]}

Question 19

k=

Answer 19

2.179x10^-18 J

Question 20

Principal Quantum Number or Shell Number

Answer 20

n

Question 21

Angular Momentum Quantum Number

Answer 21

l

Question 22

For l=0

Answer 22

s orbital

Question 23

For l=1

Answer 23

p orbital

Question 24

For l=2

Answer 24

d orbital

Question 25

For l=3

Answer 25

f orbital

Question 26

# of Possible S Orbital Shapes

Answer 26

1

Question 27

# of Possible P Orbital Shapes

Answer 27

3

Question 28

# of Possible D Orbital Shapes

Answer 28

5

Question 29

# of Possible F Orbital Shapes

Answer 29

7

Question 30

Magnetic Quantum Number

Answer 30

m

Question 31

Spin Quantum Number

Answer 31

ms

Question 32

ms=

Answer 32

1/2 or -1/2

Question 33

Pauli Exclusion Principle

Answer 33

no two electrons in the same atom can have exactly the same set of all four quantum numbers

Question 34

Subshell Electron Capacity (low —> high E)

Answer 34

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p

Question 35

Aufbau Principle

Answer 35

Add the number of electrons equal to the atomic number one at a time to the subshell of the lowest available energy

Question 36

Core Electrons

Answer 36

electrons occupying the inner shell orbitals

Question 37

Valence Electrons

Answer 37

electrons occupying the orbital(s) in the outermost shell (highest value of n)

Question 38

Electron Configuration of Cu

Answer 38

[Ar] 4s1 3d10

Question 39

Electron Configuration of Cr

Answer 39

[Ar] 4s1 3d5

Question 40

Periodic Trend (size or radius)

Answer 40

increase down a group and decreases across a period

Question 41

A cation is always ___ than the atom from which it is derived

Answer 41

smaller

Question 42

A anion is always ___ than the atom from which it is derived

Answer 42

larger

Question 43

Isoelectronic

Answer 43

atoms and ions that have the same electron configuration

Question 44

Periodic Trend (ionization energy)

Answer 44

amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state decreases down a group, increases across a period

Question 45

Be (4) has a ___ IE than B (5)

Answer 45

higher

Question 46

O (8) has a ___ IE than N (7)

Answer 46

lower

Question 47

removing an electron from a CATION is ___ than removing an electron from a neutral atom

Answer 47

harder

Question 48

Electron Affinity (EA)

Answer 48

the energy change for the process of adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an ANION

Question 49

A negative EA means...

Answer 49

energy is released (exothermic)

Question 50

A positive EA means...

Answer 50

energy is required (endothermic)

Question 51

Periodic Trends (electron affinities)

Answer 51

more negative EA across a period

Question 52

Deviations to EA Trend

Answer 52

group 18 (filled shell), group 2 (filled ns subshell), group 15 (half-filled np subshell)

Question 53

Metals (left)

Answer 53

shiny, malleable, good conductors of heat and electricity

Question 54

Nonmetals (right)

Answer 54

appear dull, poor conductors of heat and electricity

Question 55

Metalloids (touching staircase - Al)

Answer 55

conduct heat and electricity moderately well, possess some properties of metals and some properties of nonmetals

Question 56

Group 1 (except hydrogen)

Answer 56

alkali metals

Question 57

Group 2

Answer 57

alkaline earth metals

Question 58

Group 17

Answer 58

halogens

Question 59

Group 18

Answer 59

noble or inert gases

Question 60

Ionic Bonds

Answer 60

electrostatic forces of attraction caused by the transferring of electrons - metals form cations - nonmetals create anions

Question 61

Covalent Bonds

Answer 61

caused when electrons are shared between two nonmetals

Question 62

Properties of Ionic Compounds

Answer 62

- solids typically have higher melting and boiling points - nonconductive in solid form - conductive in molten form

Question 63

Properties of Covalent Bonds

Answer 63

- often exist as gases - have low boiling points as liquids - low melting points as solids