Chapter 1, 2, 20 Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

anything that has both mass and volume - the “stuff” of the universe: books, planets, trees, students

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2
Q

Solid

A

fixed volume and shape

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3
Q

Liquid

A

fixed volume and takes shape of the container

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4
Q

Gas

A

volume and shape of the container

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5
Q

Plasma

A

gaseous state with many electrically charged particles

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6
Q

Law of Conservation of Matter

A

the total mass of substances present does not change during a chemical reation

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7
Q

Pure Substances

A

have constant composition

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8
Q

Element (Pure Substances)

A

substance composed of only one type of atom

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9
Q

Compounds (Pure Substances)

A

substances made of more than one type of atom, a substance composed of two or more elements which are chemically combined

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10
Q

Mixtures

A

can be separated by physical means, a group of two or more elements and/or compounds that are physically intermingled

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11
Q

Homogenous (Mixtures)

A

uniform composition

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12
Q

Heterogeneous (Mixtures)

A

not of uniform composition

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13
Q

Atom

A

the simplest type of substance with unique physical and chemical properties

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14
Q

Molecule

A

a structure that consists of two or more atoms that are chemically bound together and thus behaves as an independent unit

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15
Q

Physical Properties

A

properties a substance shows by itself without interacting with another substance

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16
Q

Chemical Properties

A

properties a substance shows as it interact with, or transforms into, other substances

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17
Q

Extensive Properties

A

a measured value that depends on how much matter is being considered

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18
Q

Intensive Properties

A

the measured value doesn’t depend on the amount of matter being considered

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19
Q

Physical Changes

A

the particles do not chemically change

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20
Q

Chemical Changes

A

the particles change and new substances are formed

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21
Q

All measured quantities consist of…

A

a number and a unit

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22
Q

Mass (SI Base Unit)

A

kilogram (kg)

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23
Q

Length (SI Base Unit)

A

meter (m)

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24
Q

Time (SI Base Unit)

A

second (s)

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25
Q

Temperature (SI Base Unit)

A

kelvin (K)

26
Q

Electric Current (SI Base Unit)

A

ampere (A)

27
Q

Amount of Substance (SI Base Unit)

A

mole (mol)

28
Q

Luminous Intensity (SI Base Unit)

A

candela (cd)

29
Q

giga-

A

G, 10^9

30
Q

mega-

A

M, 10^6

31
Q

kilo-

A

k, 10^3

32
Q

hecto-

A

h, 10^2

33
Q

deka-

A

da, 10

34
Q

deci-

A

d, 1/10

35
Q

centi-

A

c, 10^-2

36
Q

milli-

A

m, 10^-3

37
Q

micro-

A

µ, 10^-6

38
Q

nano-

A

n, 10^-9

39
Q

K –> °C

A

T (in K) = T (in °C) + 273.15

40
Q

Density Equation

A

Density = mass/volume

41
Q

Law of Definite Proportions

A

all samples of a pure compound contain the same elements in the same proportions by mass

42
Q

Law of Multiple Proportions

A

if elements A and B react to form two compounds, the different masses of B that combine with a fixed mass of A can be expressed as a ratio of small whole numbers

43
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms of the same element that differ in mass

44
Q

Ions

A

when the number of protons and electrons are NOT equal and the atoms becomes electrically charged

45
Q

Anion

A

an atom that gains one or more electrons will exhibit a negative charge

46
Q

Cation

A

an atom that loses one or more electrons will exhibit a positive charge

47
Q

Molecular Formula

A

a representation of a molecule or compound which consists of the chemical symbols to indicate the types of atoms and subscripts after the symbol to indicate the number of each type of atom in the molecule

48
Q

Structural Form

A

shows the same information as a molecular formula, but also shows how the atoms are connected

49
Q

Empirical Form

A

indicates the simplest whole-number reation of the number of atoms (or ions) in the compound

50
Q

Molecular Form

A

indicates the actual numbers of atoms of each element in a molecule of the compound

51
Q

Isomers

A

compounds with the same chemical formula but different molecular structures

52
Q

Spatial Isomers

A

molecules only differ in the relative orientations of the atoms in space

53
Q

Mole

A

the amount of a substance containing the same number of discrete entities as the number of atoms in a sample of pure carbon-12 weighing exactly 12g

54
Q

Avogadro’s Number

A

6.022 x 10^23

55
Q

Molar Mass

A

the mass (g) of one mole of that substance

56
Q

Alpha Particle (α)

A

(high-energy) helium nuclei consisting of two protons and two neutrons

57
Q

Beta Particle (β)

A

(high-energy) electrons

58
Q

Gamma Ray (γ)

A

very high-energy electromagnetic radiation

59
Q

Sub-Critical Mass

A

the fissile material is too small and allows too many neutrons to escape the material, so a chain reaction doesn’t occur

60
Q

Critical Mass

A

a large enough number of neutrons in the fissile material induces fission to create a chain reaction

61
Q

Nuclear Fusion

A

two or more nuclei combine to form one or more different nuclei and particles

62
Q

Nuclear Fission

A

nucleus splits into two or more smaller nuclei