chapter 3 Flashcards
1
Q
two nervous system
A
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
2
Q
receives and processes sensory information initiates responses, store memory generate thoughts and emotions
A
brain
3
Q
conducts signals to and from the brain, controls reflex activities
A
spinal cord
4
Q
cns to muscles and glands
A
motor neurons
5
Q
sensory organs to cns
A
sensory organs to cns
6
Q
controls voluntary movements
A
somatic nervous system
7
Q
controls involuntary responses
A
autonomic nervous system
8
Q
fight or flight
A
sympathetic division
9
Q
rest or digest
A
parasympathetic division
10
Q
divisions of nervous system
A
central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
11
Q
the division of the nervous system located within the skull and spine which is composed of two divisions: the brain and the spinal cord.
A
Central nervous system
12
Q
two division of central nervous system
A
brain and spine
13
Q
the division of the nervous system that is located outside the skull spine which is also composed of two divisions: the Somatic Nervous System (SNS) and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).
A
peripheral nervous system
14
Q
two division of peripheral nervous system
A
somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
15
Q
is the part of the PNS that interacts with the external environment.
A
somatic nervous system
16
Q
carry sensory signals from skin, skeletal muscle, joints, eyes ears on to the CNS
A
Afferent nerves
17
Q
carry out motor signals from the cns
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efferent nerves
18
Q
is the part of the PNS that regulates the body’s internal environment.
A
autonomic nervous system
19
Q
carry sensory signals from internal organs to the CNS;
A
afferent nerves
20
Q
nerves that carry motor signals from the CNS to internal organs.
A
efferent nerves
21
Q
are those autonomic motor nerves that project from the CNS in the lumbar and thoracic regions of the spinal cord.
A
sympathetic nerves
22
Q
are those autonomic motor nerves that project from the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord.
A
parasympathetic nerves
23
Q
3 meninges
A
dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
24
Q
tough mother, outer meninx, tough membrane
A
dura mater
25
immediately inside the dura mater spder weblike membrane
arachnoid membrane
26
contains many large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid; located beneath the arachnoid membrane
subarachnoid space
27
- the delicate innermost meninx which adheres to the surface of the CNS.
pia mater
28
is a small central channel that runs the length of the spinal cord;
central canal
29
also protects the CNS which fills the subarachnoid space, the central canal of the spinal cord,and cerebral ventricles of the brain.
cerebrospinal fluid
30
are the four large internal chambers of the brain -- the two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle,and fourth ventricle.
cerebral ventricles
31
four large internal chamber of the brain
two lateral ventricle, third ventricle and fourth ventricle
32
networks of capillaries (small blood vessels)that protrude into the ventricles from the pia mater.
choroid plexus
33
connects the third and fourth ventricles
cerebral aqueduct
34
- produced when the resulting buildup of fluid in the ventricles causes the walls of the walls of the ventricles, and thus the entire brain, to expand.
hydrocephalus (water head)
35
cranial nerves
olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear and trigeminals, abducens and facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
36
The mechanism that impedes the passage of many toxic substances from the blood into the brain.
blood brain barrier
37
(2) fundamentally different types:
neurons and glial cells
38
composed of a lipid bilayer--orta layers of fat molecules.
neuron cell membrane
39
Membrane proteins through which certain molecules can pass
channel proteins
40
Membrane proteins that transfer a signal to the inside of the neuron when particular molecules bind to them on the outside of the membrane.
signal proteins
41
classes of neurons
unipolar, bipolar, multipolar interneurons
42
A neuron with one process extending from its cell body.
unipolar neurons
43
A neuron with two processes extending from its cell body.
bipolar neurons
44
A neuron with more than two processes extending from it cell body; most neurons are multipolar.
multipolar neurons
45
Neurons with a short axon or no axon at all.
interneurons
46
two gross neural structures
nuclei and tacts, ganglia and nerves
47
Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS
48
Bundles of axons in the CNS
tracts
49
Clusters of cell bodies in the PNS
ganglia
50
bundles of axons in PNS
nerves
51
A disorder that is characterized by rigidity, tremors, and poverty of voluntary movement,is associated with the deterioration of this pathway.
parkinson's disease
52
other parts of basal ganglia
caudate, putamen, striatum, globus pallidus
53
the forgotten cell
glial cell
54
Are glial cells with extensions wrap around the axons of some neurons of the central nervous system.
oligodendrocytes
55
- a fatty insulating substance
myelin
56
that they form increase the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction
myelin sheath
57
A second class of glial cells that perform similar function with oligodendrocytes performed in the peripheral nervous system
schwann cells
58
Are smaller than other glia--thus their name.
* Make up a third class of glial cells
microglia
59
constitute a fourth class of glial cells.
* They are the largest glial cells;
astrocytes
60
The accidental discovery Camillo Golgi, an Italian physician in the early 1870s.
* The silver chromate created by the chemical reaction of the two substances Golgi was using, invaded a few neurons in each slice of tissue and stained each invaded neuron entirely black.
golgi stain
61
Developed by Franz Nissl, a German psychiatrist in the 1880s;
* The most common dye used in the Nissl method is cresyl violet.
nissl stain
62
A neuroanatomical technique that provides information about the details of neuronal structure.
electron microscopy
63
the one that captures neuronal structure in exquisite detail.
electron micrograph
64
provides spectacular electron micrographs in three dimensions.
scanning electron microscope
65
Neuroanatomical Tracing Techniques are of two types:
anterograde tracing method, retrograde tracing method
66
Used when an investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting away from cell bodies located in a particular area.
anterograde tracing methods
67
Work in reverse; they are used when an investigator wants to trace the path of axons projecting into a particular area.
retrograde tracing methods
68
The Vertebrate nervous system has three axes:
* anterior-posterior
* dorsal-ventral
* medial-lateral
69
spinal cord two different areas
gray matter and white matter
70
three swelling develop into
forebrain midbrain hindbrain
71
Before birth, the initial three (3) swelling in the neural tube become five:
telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon myelencephalon
72
Also known as “medulla”
* Located at the most posterior division of the brain
myelencephalon
73
A complex network of about 100 tiny nuclei that occupies the central core of the brain stem from the posterior boundary of the myelencephalon to the anterior boundary of the midbrain.
reticular formation
74
located on the brain stem's ventral surface and is one major division of the metencephalon.
pons
75
the large,convoluted structure on the brain stem's dorsal surface which is an important sensorimotor structure.
cerebellum little brain
76
Mesencephalon has two divisions:
tectum, tegmentum
77
the dorsal surface of the midbrain; in mammals,it is composed of two pairs of bumps, the colliculi(little hills).
roof
tectum
78
two pairs of bumps, the colliculi(little hills).
inferior colliculi (auditory), superior colliculi(visual)
79
the division of the mesencephalon ventral to the tectum which contains three colorful structures:
tegmentum
80
the gray matter situated around the cerebral aqueduct (the duct connecting the third and fourth ventricles) that plays a role in mediating the analgesic(pain-reducing) effects of opiate drugs.
periaqueductal gray
81
black substance
substantia nigra
82
Composed of two structures: the thalamus and hypothalamus.
diencephalon
83
is the large, two-lobed structure that constitutes the top of the brain stem.
thalamus
84
nuclei that receive signals from sensory receptors, process them,
sensory relay nuclei
85
located just below the anterior thalamus which plays important role in the regulation of several motivated behaviors(e.g.,eating, sleep, and sexual behavior)
hypothalamus
86
the point at which the optic nerves from each eye come together.
optic chiasm
87
a pair of spherical nuclei located on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus, just behind the
mammillary bodies
88
largest division of the human brain that mediates the brain's most complex functions.
telencephalon
89
a layer of tissue that covers the cerebral hemispheres.
cerebral cortex
90
are the large furrows in a convoluted cortex
fissures
91
are the small furrows in a convoluted cortex
sulci
92
are the ridges between fissures and sulci
gyrus
93
is the largest of the fissures that almost completely separated the cerebral hemispheres.
longitudinal fissure
94
are the hemisphere-connecting tracts that directly connects the cerebral hemispheres spanning the longitudinal fissure
cerebral commissures
95
largest cerebral commissure
corpus callosum
96
This fissures partially divided each hemisphere into four lobes:
* frontal lobe * temporal lobe
* parietal lobe * occipital lobe
97
The two major landmarks on the lateral surface of each hemisphere
central fissure and lateral fissure
98
The occipital cortex and large areas of adjacent cortex perform visual functions.
occipital lobe
99
two distinct functional areas of frontal lobe
Precentral gyrus and adjacent frontal cortex
99
temporal lobe has three general functional areas:
superior temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, medial temporal gyrus
100
is a circuit of midline structures that circle the thalamus.
limbic system
101
Involved in the regulation of motivated behaviors -- including the four F's of motivation
fleeing feeding fighting sexual behavior
102
structure in limbic system
amygdala, cingulate cortex, fornix, septum, basal ganglia nucleus accubens
