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biopsych > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

two nervous system

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

receives and processes sensory information initiates responses, store memory generate thoughts and emotions

A

brain

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3
Q

conducts signals to and from the brain, controls reflex activities

A

spinal cord

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4
Q

cns to muscles and glands

A

motor neurons

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5
Q

sensory organs to cns

A

sensory organs to cns

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6
Q

controls voluntary movements

A

somatic nervous system

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7
Q

controls involuntary responses

A

autonomic nervous system

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8
Q

fight or flight

A

sympathetic division

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9
Q

rest or digest

A

parasympathetic division

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10
Q

divisions of nervous system

A

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic

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11
Q

the division of the nervous system located within the skull and spine which is composed of two divisions: the brain and the spinal cord.

A

Central nervous system

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12
Q

two division of central nervous system

A

brain and spine

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13
Q

the division of the nervous system that is located outside the skull spine which is also composed of two divisions: the Somatic Nervous System (SNS) and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).

A

peripheral nervous system

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14
Q

two division of peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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15
Q

is the part of the PNS that interacts with the external environment.

A

somatic nervous system

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16
Q

carry sensory signals from skin, skeletal muscle, joints, eyes ears on to the CNS

A

Afferent nerves

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17
Q

carry out motor signals from the cns

A

efferent nerves

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18
Q

is the part of the PNS that regulates the body’s internal environment.

A

autonomic nervous system

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19
Q

carry sensory signals from internal organs to the CNS;

A

afferent nerves

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20
Q

nerves that carry motor signals from the CNS to internal organs.

A

efferent nerves

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21
Q

are those autonomic motor nerves that project from the CNS in the lumbar and thoracic regions of the spinal cord.

A

sympathetic nerves

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22
Q

are those autonomic motor nerves that project from the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord.

A

parasympathetic nerves

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23
Q

3 meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

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24
Q

tough mother, outer meninx, tough membrane

A

dura mater

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25
Q

immediately inside the dura mater spder weblike membrane

A

arachnoid membrane

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26
Q

contains many large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid; located beneath the arachnoid membrane

A

subarachnoid space

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27
Q
  • the delicate innermost meninx which adheres to the surface of the CNS.
A

pia mater

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28
Q

is a small central channel that runs the length of the spinal cord;

A

central canal

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29
Q

also protects the CNS which fills the subarachnoid space, the central canal of the spinal cord,and cerebral ventricles of the brain.

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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30
Q

are the four large internal chambers of the brain – the two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle,and fourth ventricle.

A

cerebral ventricles

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31
Q

four large internal chamber of the brain

A

two lateral ventricle, third ventricle and fourth ventricle

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32
Q

networks of capillaries (small blood vessels)that protrude into the ventricles from the pia mater.

A

choroid plexus

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33
Q

connects the third and fourth ventricles

A

cerebral aqueduct

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34
Q
  • produced when the resulting buildup of fluid in the ventricles causes the walls of the walls of the ventricles, and thus the entire brain, to expand.
A

hydrocephalus (water head)

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35
Q

cranial nerves

A

olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear and trigeminals, abducens and facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

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36
Q

The mechanism that impedes the passage of many toxic substances from the blood into the brain.

A

blood brain barrier

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37
Q

(2) fundamentally different types:

A

neurons and glial cells

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38
Q

composed of a lipid bilayer–orta layers of fat molecules.

A

neuron cell membrane

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39
Q

Membrane proteins through which certain molecules can pass

A

channel proteins

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40
Q

Membrane proteins that transfer a signal to the inside of the neuron when particular molecules bind to them on the outside of the membrane.

A

signal proteins

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41
Q

classes of neurons

A

unipolar, bipolar, multipolar interneurons

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42
Q

A neuron with one process extending from its cell body.

A

unipolar neurons

43
Q

A neuron with two processes extending from its cell body.

A

bipolar neurons

44
Q

A neuron with more than two processes extending from it cell body; most neurons are multipolar.

A

multipolar neurons

45
Q

Neurons with a short axon or no axon at all.

A

interneurons

46
Q

two gross neural structures

A

nuclei and tacts, ganglia and nerves

47
Q

Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

A
48
Q

Bundles of axons in the CNS

A

tracts

49
Q

Clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

A

ganglia

50
Q

bundles of axons in PNS

A

nerves

51
Q

A disorder that is characterized by rigidity, tremors, and poverty of voluntary movement,is associated with the deterioration of this pathway.

A

parkinson’s disease

52
Q

other parts of basal ganglia

A

caudate, putamen, striatum, globus pallidus

53
Q

the forgotten cell

A

glial cell

54
Q

Are glial cells with extensions wrap around the axons of some neurons of the central nervous system.

A

oligodendrocytes

55
Q
  • a fatty insulating substance
A

myelin

56
Q

that they form increase the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction

A

myelin sheath

57
Q

A second class of glial cells that perform similar function with oligodendrocytes performed in the peripheral nervous system

A

schwann cells

58
Q

Are smaller than other glia–thus their name.
* Make up a third class of glial cells

A

microglia

59
Q

constitute a fourth class of glial cells.
* They are the largest glial cells;

A

astrocytes

60
Q

The accidental discovery Camillo Golgi, an Italian physician in the early 1870s.
* The silver chromate created by the chemical reaction of the two substances Golgi was using, invaded a few neurons in each slice of tissue and stained each invaded neuron entirely black.

A

golgi stain

61
Q

Developed by Franz Nissl, a German psychiatrist in the 1880s;
* The most common dye used in the Nissl method is cresyl violet.

A

nissl stain

62
Q

A neuroanatomical technique that provides information about the details of neuronal structure.

A

electron microscopy

63
Q

the one that captures neuronal structure in exquisite detail.

A

electron micrograph

64
Q

provides spectacular electron micrographs in three dimensions.

A

scanning electron microscope

65
Q

Neuroanatomical Tracing Techniques are of two types:

A

anterograde tracing method, retrograde tracing method

66
Q

Used when an investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting away from cell bodies located in a particular area.

A

anterograde tracing methods

67
Q

Work in reverse; they are used when an investigator wants to trace the path of axons projecting into a particular area.

A

retrograde tracing methods

68
Q

The Vertebrate nervous system has three axes:

A
  • anterior-posterior
  • dorsal-ventral
  • medial-lateral
69
Q

spinal cord two different areas

A

gray matter and white matter

70
Q

three swelling develop into

A

forebrain midbrain hindbrain

71
Q

Before birth, the initial three (3) swelling in the neural tube become five:

A

telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon myelencephalon

72
Q

Also known as “medulla”
* Located at the most posterior division of the brain

A

myelencephalon

73
Q

A complex network of about 100 tiny nuclei that occupies the central core of the brain stem from the posterior boundary of the myelencephalon to the anterior boundary of the midbrain.

A

reticular formation

74
Q

located on the brain stem’s ventral surface and is one major division of the metencephalon.

A

pons

75
Q

the large,convoluted structure on the brain stem’s dorsal surface which is an important sensorimotor structure.

A

cerebellum little brain

76
Q

Mesencephalon has two divisions:

A

tectum, tegmentum

77
Q

the dorsal surface of the midbrain; in mammals,it is composed of two pairs of bumps, the colliculi(little hills).
roof

A

tectum

78
Q

two pairs of bumps, the colliculi(little hills).

A

inferior colliculi (auditory), superior colliculi(visual)

79
Q

the division of the mesencephalon ventral to the tectum which contains three colorful structures:

A

tegmentum

80
Q

the gray matter situated around the cerebral aqueduct (the duct connecting the third and fourth ventricles) that plays a role in mediating the analgesic(pain-reducing) effects of opiate drugs.

A

periaqueductal gray

81
Q

black substance

A

substantia nigra

82
Q

Composed of two structures: the thalamus and hypothalamus.

A

diencephalon

83
Q

is the large, two-lobed structure that constitutes the top of the brain stem.

A

thalamus

84
Q

nuclei that receive signals from sensory receptors, process them,

A

sensory relay nuclei

85
Q

located just below the anterior thalamus which plays important role in the regulation of several motivated behaviors(e.g.,eating, sleep, and sexual behavior)

A

hypothalamus

86
Q

the point at which the optic nerves from each eye come together.

A

optic chiasm

87
Q

a pair of spherical nuclei located on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus, just behind the

A

mammillary bodies

88
Q

largest division of the human brain that mediates the brain’s most complex functions.

A

telencephalon

89
Q

a layer of tissue that covers the cerebral hemispheres.

A

cerebral cortex

90
Q

are the large furrows in a convoluted cortex

A

fissures

91
Q

are the small furrows in a convoluted cortex

A

sulci

92
Q

are the ridges between fissures and sulci

A

gyrus

93
Q

is the largest of the fissures that almost completely separated the cerebral hemispheres.

A

longitudinal fissure

94
Q

are the hemisphere-connecting tracts that directly connects the cerebral hemispheres spanning the longitudinal fissure

A

cerebral commissures

95
Q

largest cerebral commissure

A

corpus callosum

96
Q

This fissures partially divided each hemisphere into four lobes:

A
  • frontal lobe * temporal lobe
  • parietal lobe * occipital lobe
97
Q

The two major landmarks on the lateral surface of each hemisphere

A

central fissure and lateral fissure

98
Q

The occipital cortex and large areas of adjacent cortex perform visual functions.

A

occipital lobe

99
Q

two distinct functional areas of frontal lobe

A

Precentral gyrus and adjacent frontal cortex

99
Q

temporal lobe has three general functional areas:

A

superior temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, medial temporal gyrus

100
Q

is a circuit of midline structures that circle the thalamus.

A

limbic system

101
Q

Involved in the regulation of motivated behaviors – including the four F’s of motivation

A

fleeing feeding fighting sexual behavior

102
Q

structure in limbic system

A

amygdala, cingulate cortex, fornix, septum, basal ganglia nucleus accubens

biopsych (4 decks)

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