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chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

the general intellectual climate of our culture

A

zeitgeist

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2
Q

The conflict was resolved by the prominent French philosopher

A

Rene Descartes

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3
Q

that the universe is composed of 2 elements which are physical matter and the human mind (rene descartes)

A

cartesian dualism

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4
Q

behaves according to laws of nature

A

physical matter

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5
Q

lacks physical substance, controls human behavior, obeys no nature laws

A

the human mind (soul, spirit, self)

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6
Q

issue refers to the century-long debate of scholars whether humans and other animals inherit their behavioral capacities or acquire them through learning

A

nature-nurture

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7
Q

(the study of animal behavior in the wild) was becoming the dominant approach to the study of behavior in Europe.

A

ethology

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8
Q

in contrast to North American experimentalpsychology, focused on the study of instinctive behaviors(behaviorsthat occure in all like members of a species, even whenthereseemsto have been no opportunity for them to have been learned).

A

european ethology

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9
Q

the assumption that some aspects of human psychological functioning are so complex that they could not possibly be the product of a physical brain.

A

Physiological-or-Psychological Thinking

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10
Q

A Model of the Biology of Behavior
3 factors

A

Organism’s genetic endowment, Experience, Perception to a current situation

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11
Q

the single most influential theory in the biological sciences.

A

Charles Darwin’s Theory of evolution

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12
Q

in the Darwinian sense, is the ability of an organism to survive and contribute its genes to the next generation.

A

fitness

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13
Q

Species are group of organisms who is reproductively isolated from other organisms; that is,the members of a species can only produce fertile offspring only by mating with members of the same species.

A

courtship display

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14
Q

are animals with dorsal nerve cords (large nerves that run along the center of the back, or dorsum

A

Chordate

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15
Q

spinal bones

A

vertebrae

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16
Q

The chordates that possess the vertebrae. The first vertebrates are primitive bony fishes

A

vertebrates

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17
Q

seven classes of vertebrates

A

3 classes of fishes
amphibians
reptiles
mammals
birds

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18
Q

first bony fishes started to venture out of the water.
fins and gills to legs and lungs 410 yrs ago

A

Amphibians

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19
Q

300 yrs ago ere the first vertebrates to lay shell-covered eggs and to be covered by dry scales.

A

reptiles

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20
Q

180 yrs ago he females of this new class fed their young with secretions from special glands called mammary glands, and the members of the class

A

mammals

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21
Q

rom the Latin term “primus” which means “first” or “foremost.”

A

primates

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22
Q

Primates of the family that includes humans

A

hominins

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23
Q

This family is composed of two genera:

A

Australopithecus and homo

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24
Q

Homo is thought to be composed of two species:

A

homo erectus and homo sapiens

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25
Q

homo that is extinct

A

homo erectus

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26
Q

homo that is not extinct

A

homo sapiens

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27
Q

Australopithecus from the words “australo” means blank and “pithecus” means blank

A

southern ape

28
Q

big three human attributes

A

large brain, upright posture, and free hands with an opposable thumb

29
Q

The incidental non-adaptive evolutionary by-products.

A

spandrels

30
Q

evolved to perform one function and were later opted to perform another.
* Similarities among species do not necessarily mean that species have common evolutionary origins.

A

Exaptation

31
Q

structures that are similar because they have common evolutionary origin

A

homologous

32
Q

structures that are similar but do not have common evolutionary origin

A

Analogous

33
Q

he evolution in unrelated species of similar solutions to the same environmental demands.

A

convergent evolution

34
Q

folds on the cerebral surface – has greatly increased the volume of the cerebral cortex,the outermost layer of cerebral tissue.

A

convolution

35
Q

is a mating arrangement in which the members of the both sexes indiscriminately copulate with many different partners during each mating period.

A

Promiscuity

36
Q

an arrangement in which one male forms mating bonds with MORE THAN one female.

A

polygyny

37
Q

is a mating arrangement in which one female forms mating bonds with more than one male.

A

polyandry

38
Q

mate-bonding pattern in which enduring bonds are formed between one male and one female.

A

monogamy

39
Q

studied inheritance in pea plants.

A

gregor mendel

40
Q

are traits that occur in one form or the other,neve in combination.

A

dichotomous traits

41
Q

are breeding lines in which interbred members always produce offspring with the same trait generation after generation.

A

true breeding line

42
Q

the trait that appeared in all of the first generation offspring in Mendel’s experiment

A

dominant traits

43
Q

the other trait that appeared in about one-quarter of the second-generation offspring.

A

recessive trait

44
Q

Refers to an organism’s observable traits;

A

phenotype

45
Q

Refers to the traits that can be pass on to one’s offspring through its genetic material

A

genotype

46
Q

are threadlike structures in the nucleus of each cell

A

chromosome

47
Q

humans have blank pairs

A

23

48
Q

The process of cell division that produces gametes(egg cells and sperm cells).

A

meiosis

49
Q

The process of all other cell division that occurs the body

A

mitosis

50
Q

The process of meiosis wherein the chromosomes line up in pairs during its first stage, then the members of each pair cross over one another at random points, break apart at the point of contact, and exchange sections of themselves.

A

genetic recombination

51
Q

accidental alterations in individual genes

A

mutation

52
Q

Are stretches of DNA whose function is to determine whether particular structural genes initiate the synthesis of proteins and at what rate.

A

enhancers

53
Q

Are proteins that bind DNA and influence the extent to which genes are expressed.

A

transcription factors

54
Q

base-sequence code to an RNA base-sequence code

A

transcription of the DNA

55
Q

base-sequence code into sequence of amino acids.

A

translation of the rna

56
Q

the most ambitious scientific project of all time which began in 1990.

A

human genome project

57
Q

focuses on mechanisms that influence the expression of genes without changing the genes themselves.

A

epigenetics

58
Q

are short single strands of RNA.

A

microrna’s

59
Q

one of the two alleles is inactivated by as yet unidentified epigenetic mechanisms, and the other is expressed – a phenomenon called

A

monoallelic expression

60
Q

birdsong suggest that this behavior develops into two phases:

A

sensory phase and sensorimotor phase

61
Q

first phase which begins several days after hatching.

A

sensory phase

62
Q

begins when the juvenile males begin to twitter subsongs (the immature songs of young birds),usually when they are several months old.

A

sensorimotor phase

63
Q

two major components

A

descending motor pathway
and anterior forebrain pathway

64
Q

descends from the high vocal center on each side of the brain to the syrinx on the same side; it mediates song production.

A

descending motor pathway

65
Q

mediates song learning.

A

anterior forebrain pathway

biopsych (6 decks)

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