chapter 2

Question 1

the general intellectual climate of our culture

Answer 1

zeitgeist

Question 2

The conflict was resolved by the prominent French philosopher

Answer 2

Rene Descartes

Question 3

that the universe is composed of 2 elements which are physical matter and the human mind (rene descartes)

Answer 3

cartesian dualism

Question 4

behaves according to laws of nature

Answer 4

physical matter

Question 5

lacks physical substance, controls human behavior, obeys no nature laws

Answer 5

the human mind (soul, spirit, self)

Question 6

issue refers to the century-long debate of scholars whether humans and other animals inherit their behavioral capacities or acquire them through learning

Answer 6

nature-nurture

Question 7

(the study of animal behavior in the wild) was becoming the dominant approach to the study of behavior in Europe.

Answer 7

ethology

Question 8

in contrast to North American experimentalpsychology, focused on the study of instinctive behaviors(behaviorsthat occure in all like members of a species, even whenthereseemsto have been no opportunity for them to have been learned).

Answer 8

european ethology

Question 9

the assumption that some aspects of human psychological functioning are so complex that they could not possibly be the product of a physical brain.

Answer 9

Physiological-or-Psychological Thinking

Question 10

A Model of the Biology of Behavior
3 factors

Answer 10

Organism’s genetic endowment, Experience, Perception to a current situation

Question 11

the single most influential theory in the biological sciences.

Answer 11

Charles Darwin’s Theory of evolution

Question 12

in the Darwinian sense, is the ability of an organism to survive and contribute its genes to the next generation.

Answer 12

fitness

Question 13

Species are group of organisms who is reproductively isolated from other organisms; that is,the members of a species can only produce fertile offspring only by mating with members of the same species.

Answer 13

courtship display

Question 14

are animals with dorsal nerve cords (large nerves that run along the center of the back, or dorsum

Answer 14

Chordate

Question 15

spinal bones

Answer 15

vertebrae

Question 16

The chordates that possess the vertebrae. The first vertebrates are primitive bony fishes

Answer 16

vertebrates

Question 17

seven classes of vertebrates

Answer 17

3 classes of fishes
amphibians
reptiles
mammals
birds

Question 18

first bony fishes started to venture out of the water.
fins and gills to legs and lungs 410 yrs ago

Answer 18

Amphibians

Question 19

300 yrs ago ere the first vertebrates to lay shell-covered eggs and to be covered by dry scales.

Answer 19

reptiles

Question 20

180 yrs ago he females of this new class fed their young with secretions from special glands called mammary glands, and the members of the class

Answer 20

mammals

Question 21

rom the Latin term “primus” which means “first” or “foremost.”

Answer 21

primates

Question 22

Primates of the family that includes humans

Answer 22

hominins

Question 23

This family is composed of two genera:

Answer 23

Australopithecus and homo

Question 24

Homo is thought to be composed of two species:

Answer 24

homo erectus and homo sapiens

Question 25

homo that is extinct

Answer 25

homo erectus

Question 26

homo that is not extinct

Answer 26

homo sapiens

Question 27

Australopithecus from the words “australo” means blank and “pithecus” means blank

Answer 27

southern ape

Question 28

big three human attributes

Answer 28

large brain, upright posture, and free hands with an opposable thumb

Question 29

The incidental non-adaptive evolutionary by-products.

Answer 29

spandrels

Question 30

evolved to perform one function and were later opted to perform another. * Similarities among species do not necessarily mean that species have common evolutionary origins.

Answer 30

Exaptation

Question 31

structures that are similar because they have common evolutionary origin

Answer 31

homologous

Question 32

structures that are similar but do not have common evolutionary origin

Answer 32

Analogous

Question 33

he evolution in unrelated species of similar solutions to the same environmental demands.

Answer 33

convergent evolution

Question 34

folds on the cerebral surface -- has greatly increased the volume of the cerebral cortex,the outermost layer of cerebral tissue.

Answer 34

convolution

Question 35

is a mating arrangement in which the members of the both sexes indiscriminately copulate with many different partners during each mating period.

Answer 35

Promiscuity

Question 36

an arrangement in which one male forms mating bonds with MORE THAN one female.

Answer 36

polygyny

Question 37

is a mating arrangement in which one female forms mating bonds with more than one male.

Answer 37

polyandry

Question 38

mate-bonding pattern in which enduring bonds are formed between one male and one female.

Answer 38

monogamy

Question 39

studied inheritance in pea plants.

Answer 39

gregor mendel

Question 40

are traits that occur in one form or the other,neve in combination.

Answer 40

dichotomous traits

Question 41

are breeding lines in which interbred members always produce offspring with the same trait generation after generation.

Answer 41

true breeding line

Question 42

the trait that appeared in all of the first generation offspring in Mendel's experiment

Answer 42

dominant traits

Question 43

the other trait that appeared in about one-quarter of the second-generation offspring.

Answer 43

recessive trait

Question 44

Refers to an organism's observable traits;

Answer 44

phenotype

Question 45

Refers to the traits that can be pass on to one's offspring through its genetic material

Answer 45

genotype

Question 46

are threadlike structures in the nucleus of each cell

Answer 46

chromosome

Question 47

humans have blank pairs

Answer 47

23

Question 48

The process of cell division that produces gametes(egg cells and sperm cells).

Answer 48

meiosis

Question 49

The process of all other cell division that occurs the body

Answer 49

mitosis

Question 50

The process of meiosis wherein the chromosomes line up in pairs during its first stage, then the members of each pair cross over one another at random points, break apart at the point of contact, and exchange sections of themselves.

Answer 50

genetic recombination

Question 51

accidental alterations in individual genes

Answer 51

mutation

Question 52

Are stretches of DNA whose function is to determine whether particular structural genes initiate the synthesis of proteins and at what rate.

Answer 52

enhancers

Question 53

Are proteins that bind DNA and influence the extent to which genes are expressed.

Answer 53

transcription factors

Question 54

base-sequence code to an RNA base-sequence code

Answer 54

transcription of the DNA

Question 55

base-sequence code into sequence of amino acids.

Answer 55

translation of the rna

Question 56

the most ambitious scientific project of all time which began in 1990.

Answer 56

human genome project

Question 57

focuses on mechanisms that influence the expression of genes without changing the genes themselves.

Answer 57

epigenetics

Question 58

are short single strands of RNA.

Answer 58

microrna's

Question 59

one of the two alleles is inactivated by as yet unidentified epigenetic mechanisms, and the other is expressed -- a phenomenon called

Answer 59

monoallelic expression

Question 60

birdsong suggest that this behavior develops into two phases:

Answer 60

sensory phase and sensorimotor phase

Question 61

first phase which begins several days after hatching.

Answer 61

sensory phase

Question 62

begins when the juvenile males begin to twitter subsongs (the immature songs of young birds),usually when they are several months old.

Answer 62

sensorimotor phase

Question 63

two major components

Answer 63

descending motor pathway and anterior forebrain pathway

Question 64

descends from the high vocal center on each side of the brain to the syrinx on the same side; it mediates song production.

Answer 64

descending motor pathway

Question 65

mediates song learning.

Answer 65

anterior forebrain pathway