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Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

sends signals to target tissues by varying the levels of blood-
borne hormones.

a. autonomic nervous system
b. endocrine system

A

answer: b. endocrine system

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2
Q

exerts effects by the
rapid transmission of electrical impulses over nerve fibers that terminate
at effector cells, which specifically respond to the release of neuromedia-
tor substances

a. nervous system
b. endocrine system

A

answer: a. nervous system

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3
Q

Drugs that produce their primary therapeutic effect by
mimicking or altering the functions of the ANS are called

a. autonomic nervous system
b. endocrine system

A

answer: a. autonomic nervous system

note:. The autonomic agents
act either by stimulating portions of the ANS or by blocking the action of
the autonomic nerves.

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4
Q

nervous system is divided into two anatomical divisions:

A

answer: the central
nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system,

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5
Q

composed of the brain and spinal cord

a. the central
nervous system (CNS)

b. peripheral nervous system

A

answer:a. the central
nervous system (CNS)

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6
Q

includes neurons located out-
side the brain and spinal cord-that is, any nerves that enter or leave the
CNS

a. the central
nervous system (CNS)

b. peripheral nervous system

A

answer: b. peripheral nervous system

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7
Q

The peripheral nervous system is subdivided into

A

answer:the
efferent and afferent divisions.

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8
Q

carry signals away
from the brain and spinal cord to the peripheral tissues,

a.
efferent division
b. afferent divisions

A

answer: a.
efferent division

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9
Q

bring information from the periphery to the CNS.

a.
efferent division
b. afferent divisions

A

answer: b. afferent divisions
note: Afferent neu-rons provide sensory input to modulate the function of the efferent divi-
sion through reflex arcs or neural pathways that mediate a reflex action.

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10
Q

memo the Figure 3.1
Organization of the nervous system.

A
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11
Q

are
involved in the voluntary control of functions such as contraction of
the skeletal muscles essential for locomotion.

a.autonomic efferent system
b. somatic efferent system

A

answer: b. somatic efferent system

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12
Q

it is also known as the
visceral, vegetative, or involuntary nervous system.

a.autonomic nervous system
b. somatic efferent system

A

answer: a.autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

innervate visceral smooth muscle, cardiac mus-
cle, vasculature, and the exocrine glands, thereby controlling diges-
tion, cardiac output, blood flow, and glandular secretions.

a. afferent neurons
b. efferent neurons

A

answer: b. efferent neurons

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14
Q

ANS carries nerve impulses from the
CNS to the effector organs through two types of efferent neu-
rons:

A

answer: preganglionic neurons and the postganglionic neurons

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15
Q

primary nerve cell

a.preganglionic neurons
b. the postganglionic neurons

A

answer: a.preganglionic neurons

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16
Q

secondary nerve cell

a.preganglionic neurons
b. the postganglionic neurons

A

answer: b. the postganglionic neurons

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17
Q

(fibers) of the ANS are
important in the reflex regulation of this system {for example, by sens-
ing pressure in the carotid sinus and aortic arch) and in signaling the
CNS to influence the efferent branch of the system to respond.

a. afferent neuron
b. efferent neuron

A

answer: a. afferent neuron

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18
Q

The
preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic system come from the
_______ and ______, (__ to __) of the spinal cord

A

answer: The
preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic system come from the
thoracic and lumbar regions (T1 to L2) of the spinal cord

note:The preganglionic neu-
rons are short in comparison to the postganglionic ones.

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19
Q

The adrenal medulla, in
response to stimulation by the ganglionic neurotransmitter ______

A

answer: The adrenal medulla, in
response to stimulation by the ganglionic neurotransmitter acetyl-
choline, secretes epinephrine (adrenaline), and lesser amounts of
norepinephrine, directly into the blood.]

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20
Q

The parasympathetic pregangli-
onic fibers arise from cranial nerve:

A

answer: cranial nerves Ill (oculomotor), VII (facial),
IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), as well as from the sacral
region (S2 to S4) of the spinal cord

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21
Q

sympathetic system, the pregangli-
onic fibers are ___, and the postganglionic ones are ___,

A

answer: sympathetic system, the pregangli-
onic fibers are long, and the postganglionic ones are short

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22
Q

It is a collection of nerve fibers that innervate the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract, pancreas, and gallbladder, and it consti-
tutes the “brain of the gut.”

a. sympathetic neuron

b. parasumpathetic neiron

c. enteric neuron

A

c. enteric neuron

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23
Q

This system functions independently of
the CNS and controls motility, exocrine and endocrine secretions,
and microcirculation of the Gl tract

a. sympathetic neuron

b. parasumpathetic neiron

a. sympathetic neuron

b. parasumpathetic neiron

c. enteric neuron

A

c. enteric neuron

note: It is modulated by both the
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

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23
Q

It is required for life, since it maintains essential
bodily functions, such as digestion and elimination.

a. sympathetic nervous

b. parasympathetic nervous

A

b. parasympathetic nervous

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24
Q

“Fight-or-flight”
stimulus

a. sympathetic
output

b. parasympathetic output

A

a. sympathetic
output

note:(diffuse because postganglionic
neurons may innervate
more than one organ)

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25
Q

Rest-and-digestn
stimulus

a. sympathetic
output

b. parasympathetic output

A

b. parasympathetic output

note:(discrete because postganglionic
neurons are not branched, but
are directed to a specific organ)

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26
Q

increase in heart rate and blood
pressure, mobilization of energy stores, and increase in blood flow
to skeletal muscles and the heart while diverting flow from the skin
and internal organs.

a. sympathetic

b. parasympathetic

A

a. sympathetic

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27
Q

stimulation of this may result in dilation of
the pupils and bronchioles

a. sympathetic

b. parasympathetic

A

a. sympathetic

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28
Q

what hormone does adrenal medulla release?

A

epinephrine

and less norepinephrine

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29
Q

it maintains essential
bodily functions, such as digestion and elimination
a. sympathetic
b. parasympathetic

A

b. parasympathetic

note:. The parasympa-
thetic division usually acts to oppose or balance the actions of the
sympathetic division and generally predominates the sympathetic
system in “rest-and-digest” situations. Unlike the sympathetic system,
the parasympathetic system never discharges as a complete system

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30
Q

slow heart rate

a. sympathetic
b. parasympathetic

A

b. parasympathetic

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31
Q

fast heart rate

a. sympathetic
b. parasympathetic

A

a. sympathetic

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32
Q

what nerve is the predominant factor for controlling heart rate?

A

vagus nerve

33
Q

note:adrenal medulla,
kidney, pilomotor muscles, and sweat glands, receive innervation
only from the sympathetic system.

A
34
Q

nervous system differs from the ANS in that a
single myelinated motor neuron, originating in the CNS, travels directly
to skeletal muscle without the mediation of ganglia.

a. somatic
b. ANS

A

a. somatic

35
Q

voluntary control

a. somatic
b. ANS

A

a. somatic

36
Q

involuntary control

a. somatic
b. ANS

A

b. ANS

note:Responses in the somatic division are generally
faster than those in the ANS.

37
Q

site of origin :Thoracic and lumbar region of the
spinal cord (thoracolumbar)

a. sympathetic

b. parasympathetic

A

a. sympathetic

38
Q

site of origin:Brain and sacral area of the spinal cord
(craniosacral)

a. sympathetic

b. parasympathetic

A

b. parasympathetic

39
Q

sympathetic

length of fiber:

preganglionic:

post ganglionic:

A

sympathetic

length of fiber:

preganglionic:short

post ganglionic:long

40
Q

parasympathetic

length of fiber:

preganglionic:

post ganglionic:

A

parasympathetic

length of fiber:

preganglionic:long

post ganglionic:
short

41
Q

location of ganglia : close to the spinal cord

a. sympathetic

b. parasympathetic

A

a. sympathetic

42
Q

location of ganglia : within or near the effector organs

a. sympathetic

b. parasympathetic

A

b. parasympathetic

43
Q

Preganglionic fiber branching: extensive

a. sympathetic

b. parasympathetic

A

a. sympathetic

44
Q

Preganglionic fiber branching: minimal

a. sympathetic

b. parasympathetic

A

b. parasympathetic

45
Q

Distribution: wide

a. sympathetic

b. parasympathetic

A

a. sympathetic

46
Q

Distribution: limited

a. sympathetic

b. parasympathetic

A

b. parasympathetic

47
Q

types of response: Diffuse

a. sympathetic

b. parasympathetic

A

a. sympathetic

48
Q

types of response: Discrete

a. sympathetic

b. parasympathetic

A

b. parasympathetic

49
Q

innervates skeletal muscles.

a. ANS

b. somatic nervous system

A

b. somatic nervous system

50
Q

Most cells secrete chemicals that act locally on cells in the immediate
environment. Because these chemical signals are rapidly destroyed
or removed, they do not enter the blood and are not distributed
throughout the body

a. hormone

b. local mediator

c. neurotransmitter

A

b. local mediator

51
Q

histamine

a. hormone

b. local mediator

c. neurotransmitter

A

b. local mediator

52
Q

prostaglandin

a. hormone

b. local mediator

c. neurotransmitter

A

b. local mediator

53
Q

Neurotransmitters

Communication between nerve cells, and between nerve cells and
effector organs, occurs through the release of specific chemical sig-
nals {neurotransmitters) from the nerve terminals. The release is triggered by arrival of the ____at the nerve ending, leading
to ______. An increase in intracellular _____ initiates fusion of
synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane and release of their
contents. The neurotransmitters rapidly diffuse across the synaptic
cleft, or space (synapse), between neurons and combine with specific
receptors on the postsynaptic (target) cell.

A

Neurotransmitters

Communication between nerve cells, and between nerve cells and
effector organs, occurs through the release of specific chemical sig-
nals {neurotransmitters) from the nerve terminals. The release is triggered by arrival of the action potential at the nerve ending, leading
to depolarization. An increase in intracellular Ca2+ initiates fusion of
synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane and release of their
contents. The neurotransmitters rapidly diffuse across the synaptic
cleft, or space (synapse), between neurons and combine with specific
receptors on the postsynaptic (target) cell.

54
Q

note:All neurotransmitters, and most hormones
and local mediators, are too hydrophilic to penetrate the lipid bilay-
ers of target cell plasma membranes. Instead, their signal is medi-
ated by binding to specific receptors on the cell surface of target
organs.

Most receptors are proteins

A
55
Q

cholinergic neuron releases ___

a. acetylcholine

b. norepinephrine

A

a. acetylcholine

56
Q

adrenergic neuron releases __

a. acetylcholine

b. norepinephrine

A

b. norepinephrine

57
Q

what is released by adrenal medulla

a. acetylcholine

b. epinephrine

c.norepinephrine

A

b. epinephrine

58
Q

has no ganglia

a. autonomic nervous system

b. somatic nervous system

A

b. somatic nervous system

59
Q

what pre ganglionic receptor will acetylcholine blind

a. nicotinic receptor

b. adrenergic receptor

c. muscarinic receptor

A

a. nicotinic receptor

60
Q

what sympathetic post ganglionic will release

a. norepinephrine

b. acetylcholine

A

a. norepinephrine

61
Q

what parasympathetic post ganglionic will release

a. norepinephrine

b. acetylcholine

A

b. acetylcholine

62
Q

what postganglionic receptor will acetylcholine blind

a. nicotinic receptor

b. adrenergic receptor

c. muscarinic receptor

A

c. muscarinic receptor

63
Q

where will postganglionic receptor epinephrine blind

a. nicotinic receptor

b. adrenergic receptor

c. muscarinic receptor

A

b. adrenergic receptor

64
Q

where will postganglionic receptor norepinephrine blind

a. nicotinic receptor

b. adrenergic receptor

c. muscarinic receptor

A

b. adrenergic receptor

65
Q

are the primary chemical
signals in the ANS,

A

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine

66
Q

Receptors coupled to lon channels

a. lonotroplc receptors

b.metabotropic receptors

A

a. lonotroplc receptors

67
Q

Receptors coupled to adenylyl cyclase

a. lonotroplc receptors

b.metabotropic receptors

A

b.metabotropic receptors

68
Q

Receptors coupled to
diacylglycerol and
inositol trisphosphate

a. lonotroplc receptors

b.metabotropic receptors

A

b.metabotropic receptors

69
Q

note:All adrenergic receptors and cholinergic muscarinic receptors are G
protein-coupled receptors (metabotropic receptors).

A
70
Q

Which is correct regarding the sympathetic nervous
system?
A. It generally mediates body functions in “rest-and-
digesr mode.
B. The neurotransmitter at the sympathetic ganglion is
norepinephrine (NE).
C. The neurotransmitter at the sympathetic ganglion is
acetylcholine (ACh).
D. Sympathetic neurons release ACh in the effector
organs.

A

Correct answer = C. The neurotransmitter at the sympa-
thetic and parasympathetic ganglia Is acetylcholine. The
sympathetic system generally mediates body functions In
“fight or flight” mode, and the parasympathetic system gen-
erally mediates body functions in “rest-and-digesf’ mode.
Sympathetic neurons release NE, and parasympathetic
neurons release ACh in the effector cells.

71
Q

Why does the somatic nervous system enable a faster
response compared to the ANS?
A. Somatic motor neurons have ganglia where neuro-
transmission is mediated by ACh.
B. Somatic motor neurons have ganglia where neuro-
transmission is mediated by NE.
C. Somatic motor neurons are not myelinated.
D. Somatic motor neurons are myelinated and do not
have ganglia.

A

Correct answer= D. Somatic motor neurons are myelinated
and have no ganglia. This enables faster transmission in the
somatic neurons.

72
Q

Which physiological change occurs when the parasym-
pathetic system is activated?
A. Increase in heart rate
B. Inhibition of lacrimation (tears)
C. Dilation of the pupil (mydriasis)
D. Increase in gastric motility

A

Correct answer = D. Activation of the parasympathetic sys-
tem causes an increase in gastric motility, increase in fluid
secretions, reduction In heart rate, and constriction of the
pupil. In the “rest-and-dlgesr mode, the parasympathetic
system Is more active, which helps with digestion.

73
Q

Which physiological change is expected when the sym-
pathetic system is inhibited using a pharmacological
agent?
A. Reduction in heart rate
B. Increase in blood pressure
C. Decrease in fluid secretions
D. Constriction of blood vessels

A

Correct answer = A. Activation of the sympathetic sys-
tem causes an increase in heart rate, increase in blood
pressure, reduction or thickening of fluid secretions, and
constriction of blood vessels. Therefore, Inhibition of the
sympathetic system should theoretically cause a reduction
in heart rate, decrease in blood pressure, Increase in fluid
secretions, and relaxation of blood vessels.

74
Q

Which is correct regarding activation of receptors on the
effector organs in the ANS?
A. Acetylcholine activates muscarinic receptors.
B. Acetylcholine activates adrenergic receptors.
C. Epinephrine activates nicotinic receptors.
D. Norepinephrine activates muscarinic receptors.

A

Correct answer = A. Acetylcholine Is the neurotransmitter
in the cholinergic system, and it activates both muscarinic
and nicotinic cholinergic receptors, not adrenergic recep-
tors. Norepinephrine and epinephrine activate adrenergic
receptors, not muscarinic receptors.

75
Q

Which statement concerning the parasympathetic ner-
vous system is correct?
A. The parasympathetic system often discharges as a
single, functional system.
B. The parasympathetic division is involved in near
vision, movement of food, and urination.
C. The postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic
division are long, compared to those of the sympa-
thetic nervous system.
D. The parasympathetic system controls the secretion
of the adrenal medulla.

A

Correct answer = B. The parasympathetic nervous sys-
tem maintains essential bodily functions, such as vision,
movement of food, and urination. It uses acetylcholine, not
norepinephrine, as a neurotransmitter, and it discharges
as discrete fibers that are activated separately. The post-
ganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic system are short
compared to those of the sympathetic division. The adrenal
medulla Is under the control of the sympathetic system.

76
Q

Which is correct regarding neurotransmitters and
neu rotransm ission?
A. Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic
nerve terminals.
B. Arrival of an action potential in the postsynaptic cell
triggers release of neurotransmitter.
C. Intracellular calcium levels drop in the neuron before
the release of neurotransmitter.
D. Serotonin and dopamine are the primary neurotrans-
mitters in the ANS.

A

Correct answer = A. Neurotransmitters are released from
presynaptic neurons, triggered by the arrival of an action
potential In the presynaptic neuron (not in the postsynap-
tic cell). When an action potential arrives in the presynaptic
neuron, calcium enters the presynaptic neuron and calcium
levels increase in the neuron before neurotransmitter is
released. The main neurotransmitters in the ANS are nor-
epinephrine and acetylcholine.

77
Q

An elderly man is brought to the emergency room after
ingesting a large quantity of prazosin tablets, a drug
that blocks a1 adrenergic receptors, which mediate
effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on the blood
vessels and urinary bladder. Which symptom is most
likely to be seen in this patient?
A. Reduced heart rate (bradycardia)
B. Dilation of blood vessels (vasorelaxation)
C. Increased blood pressure
D. Reduction in urinary frequency

A

Correct answer = B. Activation of a., receptors causes vaso-
constriction, reduction In urinary frequency, and an Increase
in blood pressure, without a direct effect on the heart rate.
It may cause reflex tachycardia (increase in heart rate) in
some patients. Thus blockade of a., receptors could theo-
retically cause dilation of blood vessels, reduction in blood
pressure, and increase in urinary frequency. It should not
cause a reduction in heart rate.

78
Q

Which statement is correct regarding the autonomic
nervous system?
A. Afferent neurons carry impulses from the central
nervous system (CNS) to the effector organs.
B. Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic system
arise from the cranial nerves, as well as from the
sacral region.
C. When there is a sudden drop in blood pressure, the
baroreceptors send signals to the brain to activate
the parasympathetic system.
D. The heart receives both sympathetic and parasym-
pathetic innervation.

A

Correct answer = D. The heart receives both sympathetic
and parasympathetic innervation. Activation of sympathetic
neurons increases the heart rate and force of contrac-
tion, and activation of parasympathetic neurons reduces
the heart rate and force of contraction (slightly). Afferent
neurons carry Impulses from the periphery to the CNS,
and efferent neurons carry signals away from the CNS.
Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic system arise from
thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord, whereas the
preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system arise
from cranial nerves and the sacral region. When there is a
sudden drop In blood pressure, the sympathetic system Is
activated, not the parasympathetic system.

79
Q

Which is correct regarding membrane receptors and
signal transduction?
A. ANS neurotransmitters bind to membrane recep-
tors on the effector cells, which leads to intracellular
events.
B. Cholinergic muscarinic receptors are ionotropic
receptors.
C. Cholinergic nicotinic receptors are metabotropic
receptors.
D. Metabotropic receptors activate ion channels directly.

A

Correct answer = A. Neurotransmitters generally bind to
membrane receptors on the postsynaptic effector cells and
cause cellular effects. Acetylcholine (ACh) binds to choliner-
gic muscarinic receptors and activates the second messen-
ger pathway in effector cells, which in turn causes cellular
events. Receptors that are coupled to second messenger
systems are known as metabotropic receptors. Metabotropic
receptors do not directly activate ion channels. ACh also
binds to cholinergic nicotinic receptors and activates ion
channels on the effector cells. The receptors that directly
activate ion channels are known as lonotroplc receptors.

kaps (16 decks)

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