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Science 1st Semester > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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0
Q

____________ results from a force pressing on an area.

A

Pressure

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1
Q

When earthquakes occurred, they produce __________.

A

Seismic waves

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2
Q

A dark, fine-grained rock.

A

Basalt

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3
Q

A rock that is usually a light color and has coarse grains.

A

Granite

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4
Q

The layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer skin.

A

Crust

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5
Q

A layer of hot rock. The rock below the boundary is the solid material of the ___________.

A

Mantle

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6
Q

The crust and uppermost mantle that is a single layer.

A

Lithosphere

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7
Q

Below the lithosphere, soft but solid layer.

A

Asthenosphere

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8
Q

A layer of molten metal surrounding the inner core.

A

The outer core

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9
Q

A dense ball of solid metal.

A

The inner core

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10
Q

The transfer of energy that is carried in rays like light.

A

Radiation

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11
Q

Heat transfer by the movement of a fluid.

A

Convection

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12
Q

Heat transfer between materials that are touching.

A

Conduction

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13
Q

A measure of how much mass there is in a given volume of a substance.

A

Density

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14
Q

The flow that transfers heat within a fluid is called a_________.

A

Convection current

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15
Q

The approximately 20 minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earth’s crust.

A

Rock–forming minerals

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16
Q

Most rocks are made up of particles of minerals or other rocks, which geologist call __________.

A

Grains

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17
Q

The look and feel of a rock’s surface.

A

Texture

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18
Q

Forms from the cooling of molten material called magma or lava.

A

Igneous rock

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19
Q

Forms when small particles of rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed or cemented together.

A

Sedimentary rock

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20
Q

Forms when a rock is changed by heat or pressure, or by chemical reactions.

A

Metamorphic rock

21
Q

Igneous rock formed from lava that erupted on Earth’s surface.

A

Extrusive rock

22
Q

Igneous rock that forms when magma hardened beneath the surface of Earth.

A

Intrusive rock

23
Q

Describes the thin, flat layering found in most metamorphic rocks.

A

Foilated

24
Q

Small, solid pieces of material that come from rocks or living things.

A

Sediment

25
Q

The effects of freezing and thawing, plant roots, acid, and other forces on rock.

A

Weathering

26
Q

The process by which running water, wind, or ice carry away bits of broken up rock.

A

Erosion

27
Q

The process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind carrying it.

A

Depostition

28
Q

The process that presses sediments together.

A

Compaction

29
Q

The process in which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together.

A

Cementation

30
Q

A sedimentary rock formed when rock fragments are squeeze together.

A

Clastic rock

31
Q

Forms where the remains of plants and animals are deposited in layers.

A

Organic rock

32
Q

Forms when minerals dissolved in a water solution crystallize.

A

Chemical rock

33
Q

A series of processes that occur on Earth’s surface and in the crust and mantle that slowly change rocks from one kind to another.

A

The rock cycle

34
Q

Geologists have used to main types of evidence to learn about Earth’s interior. What are they?

A

Direct evidence from rock samples and indirect evidence from seismic waves

35
Q

What are the three main layers of Earth? These layers vary greatly in ________________.

A

The crust, mantle, and the core; Size, composition, temperature, and pressure

36
Q

What is the relation of depth with pressure and temperature?

A

The deeper down inside Earth, the greater the pressure and temperature.

37
Q

A layer of solid rock that includes both dry land and the ocean floor.

A

The crust

38
Q

What is made up of rock that is very hot, but solid? Scientists divide this layer of Earth into layers based on the __________ of those layers. Overall the mantle is nearly_________ thick.

A

The mantle; physical characteristics; 3,000 km

39
Q

What is made mostly of the metals iron and nickel? It consist of two parts. What are the two parts?

A

A dense, liquid outer core and a dense, solid inner core

40
Q

What are the three types of heat transfers?

A

Radiation, convection, and conduction

41
Q

What sets convection currents in motion?

A

Heating and cooling of a fluid, changes in the fluid’s density, and the force of gravity

42
Q

What causes convection currents in the mantle?

A

Heat from the core and the mantle itself

43
Q

To study a rock sample, geologists observe the rock’s _____________, ____________, and ____________.

A

Mineral composition; color; texture

44
Q

What are the three major groups that geologists classify rocks?

A

Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock

45
Q

And miss rocks are classified by their _________, _________, and _________.

A

Origin; texture; mineral composition

46
Q

What is any rock that forms from another rock as a result of changes in heat or pressure (or both heat and pressure)?

A

A metamorphic rock

47
Q

Most __________ rocks are formed through sequence of processes: weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation.

A

Sedimentary

48
Q

What are the three major groups of sedimentary rocks?

A

Clastic rocks, organic rocks, and chemical rocks

49
Q

People have used _________ rocks throughout history for many different purposes, including for tools and building materials.

A

Sedimentary

50
Q

Forces deep inside Earth and at the surface produce a slow cycle that _________, _________, and _________.

A

Builds; destroys; changes the rocks in the crust

51
Q

The processes of the rock cycle form a ____________. These __________ result from weathering and erosion, deposition, earthquakes and volcanic activity, tremendous heat and pressure, and melting.

A

Pattern of pathways; pathways

Science 1st Semester (4 decks)

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