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ACSM > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

kinesiology

A

study of the mechanics of human movement and specifically evaluates muscles, joints, and skeletal structure and their involvement in movement
based in biomechanics, musculoskeletal anatomy, and neuromuscular physiology
gait, posture and body alignment, ergonomics, sports and exercise movements, and activities of daily living and work

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2
Q

biomechanics

A

study of the motion and causes of motion of living things

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3
Q

kinematics

A

human motion

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4
Q

kinetics

A

understanding the causes of that motion

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5
Q

anatomical position

A

regions and spatial relationships of the human body and to refer to body positions
body is erect with feet together and the upper limbs positioned at the sides, palms of the hands facing forward, thumbs facing away from the body, and fingers extended

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6
Q

sagittal plane

A

divides the body or structure into the right and left portions

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7
Q

frontal plane

A

coronal plane
divides the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions (front and back)

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8
Q

transverse plane

A

cross sectional, axial, or horizontal plane
divides the body or structure into superior and inferior portions (top and bottom)

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9
Q

movement on sagittal plane

A

rotates about mediolateral axis (transverse axis)

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10
Q

movement in the frontal plane

A

rotates about the anteroposterior axis

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11
Q

movement in the transverse plane

A

rotates about the longitudinal axis

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12
Q

center of gravity

A

theoretical point where the weight force of the object can be considered to act
changes with movement and depends on body position
2nd sacral segment

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13
Q

line of gravity

A

imaginary vertical line passing through the center of gravity and is typically assessed while the subject is standing
helps define proper body alignment and posture

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14
Q

anterior

A

front of the body, ventral

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15
Q

posterior

A

back of the body, dorsal

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16
Q

superificial

A

located close to or on the body surface

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17
Q

deep

A

below the surface

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18
Q

proximal

A

closer to any reference point

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19
Q

distal

A

farther from any reference point

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20
Q

superior

A

toward the head, higher (cephalic)

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21
Q

inferior

A

away from the head, lower (caudal)

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22
Q

medial

A

toward the midline of the body

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23
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline of the body, to the side

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24
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side

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25
Q

contralateral

A

on the opposite side

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26
Q

unilateral

A

one side

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27
Q

bilateral

A

both sides

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28
Q

prone

A

lying face down

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29
Q

supine

A

lying face up

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30
Q

valgus

A

distal segment of a joint deviates laterally

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31
Q

varus

A

distal segment of a joint deviates medially

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32
Q

arm

A

the region from the shoulder to elbo

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33
Q

forearm

A

region from the elbow to the wrist

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34
Q

thigh

A

region from the hip to knee

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35
Q

leg

A

region from knee to ankle

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36
Q

joint movement

A

spatial movement pattern in relation to the body, typically in terms of anatomical position

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37
Q

range of motion

A

specific movement allowed and the force produced
bones, joints, and muscles

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38
Q

skeletal system consists of

A

cartilage, periosteum, and bone surface

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39
Q

periosteum

A

a double layer membrane covering bone surface

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40
Q

bones of the skeletal system

A

support soft tissue
protect internal organs
sources of nutrients and blood constituents
serve as rigid levers for movement

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41
Q

there are ____ bones in the body

A

206

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42
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull
hyoid
vertebral column
sternum
ribs

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43
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

upper and lower limbs and respective girdles

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44
Q

diaphysis

A

long bone
shaft

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45
Q

epiphyses

A

ends of the bone
covered in articular cartilage

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46
Q

cartilage

A

resilient, semirigid form of connective tissue that reduce s the friction and absorbs some of the shock in synovial joints

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47
Q

metaphysis

A

the region of mature bone where the diaphysis joins each epiphysis

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48
Q

medullary cavity

A

space inside the diaphysis

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49
Q

endosteum

A

contains cells necessary for bone development

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50
Q

periosteum

A

membrane covering the surface of bones, except at the articular surface
contains an outer fibrous layer and an inner highly vascular layer that contains cells for the creation of new bone
serves as a point of attachment for ligaments and tendons
crucial for bone growth, repair, and nutrition

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51
Q

flexion

A

movement resulting in a decrease of the joint angle, usually moving anteriorly in the sagittal plane

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52
Q

extension

A

movement resulting in an increase of the joint angle, usually moving posteriorly in the sagittal plane

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53
Q

abduction

A

movement away from the midline of the body, usually in the frontal plane

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54
Q

adduction

A

movement toward the midline of the body, usually in the frontal plane

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55
Q

horizontal abduction

A

movement away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90 degrees

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56
Q

horizontal adduction

A

movement toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90 degrees

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57
Q

internal (medial) rotation

A

rotation in the transverse plane toward the midline of the body

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58
Q

external (lateral) rotation

A

rotation in the transverse plane away from the midline of the body

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59
Q

lateral flexion (right or left)

A

movement away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane, usually used to describe neck and trunk movement

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60
Q

rotation (right or left)

A

right or left rotation in the transverse plane, usually to describe neck and trunk movement

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61
Q

elevation

A

movement of the scapula superiorly in the frontal plane

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62
Q

depression

A

movement of the scapula inferiorly in the frontal plane

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63
Q

retraction

A

movement of the scapula toward the spine in the frontal plane

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64
Q

protraction

A

movement of the scapula away from the spine in the frontal plane

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65
Q

upward rotation

A

superior and lateral movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane

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66
Q

downward rotation

A

inferior and medial movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane

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67
Q

circumduction

A

a compound circular movement involving flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, circumscribing a cone shape

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68
Q

radial deviation

A

abduction of the wrist in the frontal plane

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69
Q

ulnar deviation

A

adduction of the wrist in the frontal plane

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70
Q

opposition

A

diagonal movement of thumb across the palmar surface of the hand to make contact with the 5th digit

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71
Q

eversion

A

abducting the ankle

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72
Q

inverison

A

adducting the ankle

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73
Q

dorsiflexion

A

flexing the ankle so that the foot moves anteriorly in the sagittal plane

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74
Q

plantarflexion

A

extending the ankle so that the foot moves posteriorly in the sagittal plane

75
Q

pronation (foot/ankle)

A

combined movements of abduction and eversion resulting in lowering of the medial margin of the foot

76
Q

supination (foot/ankle)

A

combined movements of adduction and inversion resulting in raising of the medial margin of the foot

77
Q

compact bone

A

cortical
arranged in osteons that contain few spaces
forms the external layer of all bones of the body and a large portion of the diaphysis of the long bone

78
Q

spongy

A

trabecular
less dense
3d lattice composed of beams of bone called trabeculae
provide strength against the stresses normally encountered by the bone

79
Q

red bone marrow

A

produces blood

80
Q

long bones

A

contain a diaphysis with a medullary cavity
femur, tibia, humerus, ulna, radius

81
Q

short bone

A

cube like structures and relatively small and thick
carpals and tarsals

82
Q

flat bone

A

plate like
sternum, scapulae, ribs, and pelvis

83
Q

irregular bones

A

oddly shaped
vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx

84
Q

sesamoid bones

A

found within tendons and joint capsules and shaped like sesame seed

85
Q

ligament

A

tough, fibrous connective tissues anchoring bone to bone

86
Q

synarthrodial joints

A

sutures of the skull
do not move appreciably

87
Q

amphiarthrodial joint

A

move slightly and are held together by ligaments
syndesmosis, inteferior tibiofibular joint or fibrocartilage (synchondrosis, pubic symphysis)

88
Q

amphiarthrodial joint

A

do not contain an articular cavity, synovial membrane, or synovial fluid

89
Q

synovial joints

A

most common type
contain a fibrous articular capsule and an inner synovial membrane that encloses the joint cavity
-enclosed by fibrous joint capsule
-joint capsule encloses with joint cavity
-joint cavity is lined with synovial membrane
-synovial fluid occupies the joint cavity
-articulating surfaces of the bone are covered with hyaline cartilage, which helps absorb shock and reduces friction
meniscus of the knee, bursae, or fat pads
proprioceptive feedback fo rpain

90
Q

synovial membrane

A

produces synovial fluid, which provides constant lubrication during movement to minimize the wearing effects of friction on the cartilaginous covering of the articulating bones

91
Q

intrinsic

A

thickening of the outer layer of the joint capsule

92
Q

extrinsic

A

separate structures

93
Q

open chain movement

A

movements occur when the distal segment of the joint moves in space
knee joint is leg extension

94
Q

closed chain movement

A

movement occurs when the distal segment of the joint is fixed in space
knee joint is standing barbell squats

95
Q

active rom

A

range that can be reached voluntary movement from contraction of skeletal muscle

96
Q

passive rom

A

rom that can be achieved by external means

97
Q

factors account for joint stability

A

-ligaments facilitate normal movement and resist excessive movement
-muscles and tendons that spin a joint also enhance stability, particularly when the bony structure alone contributes little stability (shoulder)
-fascia contributes to joint stability (iliotibial band of the tensor fasciae latae)
-atmospheric pressure creates greater force outside of the joint than internal pressure exerts within the joint cavity
-bony structure of a joint is an important contributor to joint stability

98
Q

suture fibrous

A

tight union unique to the skull

99
Q

syndesmosis fibrous

A

interosseous membrane between bones

100
Q

gomphosis fibrous

A

unique joint at the tooth socket

101
Q

primary cartilaginous

A

usually temporary to permit bone growth and typically fuse some do not
-epiphyseal plate, sternum and rib

102
Q

secondary cartilaginous

A

strong, slightly moveable joints
-intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

103
Q

plane synovial

A

arthrodial
gliding and sliding movements
-acromioclavicular joint

104
Q

hinge synovial

A

ginglymus
uniaxial movements
-elbow extension and flexion

105
Q

ellipsoidal synovial

A

condyloid
biaxial joint
-radiocarpal extension, flexion at the wrist

106
Q

saddle synovial

A

sellar
unique joint that permits movements in all planes, including opposition
-carpometacarpal joint of the thumn

107
Q

ball and socket synovial

A

enarthrodial
multiaxial joints that permit movements in all directions
-hip and shoulder joints

108
Q

pivot synovial

A

trochoidal
uniaxial joints that permit rotation
proximal radioulnar and atlantoaxial joints

109
Q

bicondylar synovial

A

allow movement primarily around one axis with some limited rotation in a second axis
knee flexion and extension with limited internal and external rotation

110
Q

scapulothoracic

A

not a true joint
elevation-depression (frontal)
upward-downward rotation (frontal)
protraction-retraction (frontal)
medial-lateral rotation (transitional)
anterior-posterior tilting (sagittal)

111
Q

glenohumeral

A

synovial: ball and socket
flexion-extension (sagittal)
abduction-adduction (frontal)
internal-external rotation (transverse)
horizontal abduction-adduction (transverse)
circumduction (multiple)

112
Q

elbow

A

synovial: hinge
flexion-extension) sagittal

113
Q

proximal radioulnar

A

synovial: pivot
pronation-supination (transverse)

114
Q

wrist

A

synovial: ellipsoidal
flexion-extension (transverse)

115
Q

metacarpophalngeal

A

synovial: ellipsoidal
flexion-extension (sagittal)
abduction-adduction (frontal)

116
Q

proximal and distal interphalangeal

A

synovial: hinge
flexion-extension (sagittal)

117
Q

intervertebral

A

cartilaginous
flexion-extension (sagittal)
lateral flexion (frontal)
rotation (transverse)

118
Q

hip

A

synovial: ball and socket
flexion-extension (sagittal)
abduction-adduction (frontal)
internal-external rotation (transverse)
circumduction (multiple)

119
Q

knee

A

synovial: bicondylar
flexion-extension (sagittal)
internal-external rotation (transverse)

120
Q

ankle: talocrural

A

synovial: hinge
dorsiflexion-plantarflexion (sagittal)

121
Q

ankle: subtalar

A

synovial: gliding
inversion-eversion (frontal)

122
Q

skeletal muscle

A

responsible for moving the skeletal system and stabilizing the body (maintaining posture)
generally anchored by tendons

123
Q

tendons

A

dense cords of ct that attach a muscle to the periosteum of the bone
collagen fibers are parallel arrangement

124
Q

parallel fibers

A

muscle fibers run in line with the pull of muscle
fusiform
biceps brachii, brachialis

125
Q

pennate muscles

A

fibers run obliquely or at an angle to the line of pull
produce greater force than a parallel arrangment in a smaller cross sectional area
-unipennate
-bipennate
-multipennate

126
Q

uniarticular

A

muscle that causes movement at one joint
brachialis

127
Q

biarticular

A

muscles that cross more than one joint
hamstring, biceps brachii

128
Q

how muscles produce movement

A
  • force transferred to tendons
    -pull on the bones and other structures
    -contracts, pulling one of the articulating bones toward the other (insert)
    -other remains stationary (origin)
129
Q

prime mover

A

agonist
when a muscle or a group of muscles is responsible for the action or movement
biceps curl (elbow flexors, biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis muscles)

130
Q

antagonists

A

relax to permit the primary movement and contract to act as a brake at the completion of movement

131
Q

synergist

A

movements that involve other muscles
prevent unwanted movement
acts as fixators or stabilizers
muscles stabilize a portion of the body against a force

132
Q

co contraction

A

simultaneous contraction of the agonsist and antagonist
abdominal and lumbar muscles, helps stabilize the lower trunk during trunk movements

133
Q

structure

A

what are the initial considerations of the joints structure (bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bursae) and the ability to move?

134
Q

movement

A

what movements occur at the joint? what are the normal roms for each movement?

135
Q

muscles

A

what specific muscles are being used to create the movements? how are the muscles being used (agonist, syngergist, stabilizer)?

136
Q

injuries

A

what common injuries occur to the joint structure?

137
Q

scapulothoracic

A

fixation, upward rotation
downward rotation, elevation, depression, protraction, retraction

138
Q

glenohumeral (shoulder)

A

flexion (90-100 degrees)
extension (40-60 degrees)
abduction (90-95 degrees)
adduction (0 degrees)
horizontal abduction (45 degrees)
horizontal adduction (135 degrees)
internal rotation (70-90 degrees)
external rotation (70-90 degrees

139
Q

elbow

A

flexion (145-150 degrees)
extension (0 degrees)

140
Q

radioulnar

A

supination (80-90 degrees)
pronation (70-90 degrees)

141
Q

wrist

A

flexion (70-90 degrees)
extension (65-85 degrees)
adduction (25-40 degrees)
abduction (15-25 degrees)

142
Q

glenohumeral joint

A

link between the thoracic cage and upper extremity
ball and socket joint
high degree of mobility and very unstable
stabilizing this region falls on the soft tissues

143
Q

bones of the glenohumeral

A

humerus (articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula, greater and lesser tubercles are attachment sites for many muscles)
scapula (lage triangular bones that rests on the posterior thoracic cage between the second rib and the seventh rib in the normal position, lies on the scaption plane that is obliquely at 30 degrees to the frontal plane)
clavicle (provides the link between the upper extremity and axial skeleton, provides protection for the neural bundle called the brachial plexus and the vascular system supplying the upper extremity, supports the weight of the humerus and helps maintain the position of the scapula and humerus)

144
Q

cervical spine

A

flexion (50 degrees)
extension (60 degrees)
lateral flexion (45 degrees)
rotation (80 degrees)

145
Q

lumbar spine

A

flexion (60 degrees)
extension (25 degrees)
lateral flexion (25 degrees)
rotation

146
Q

hip

A

flexion (130 degrees)
extension (30 degrees)
abduction (35 degrees)
adduction (30 degrees)
internal rotation (45 degrees)
external rotation (50 degrees)

147
Q

knee

A

flexion (140 degrees)
extension (0-10 degrees)
internal rotation (30 degrees)
external rotation (45 degrees)

148
Q

ankle: talocrural

A

dorsiflexion (15-20 degrees)
plantarflexion (50 degrees)

149
Q

ankle: subtalar

A

eversion (5-15 degrees)
inversion (20-30 degrees)

150
Q

coracohumeral ligament

A

spans the bicipital groove of the humerus and provides aterioinferior stability to the glenohumeral joint

151
Q

glenohumeral ligament

A

anterior, middle, anterioinferior bands reinforce the anterior capsule and provides stability to the shoulder joint in most planes of movement

152
Q

coracoacromial ligament

A

located superior to the glenohumeral joint, protects the muscles, tendons, nerves, and blood supply of the region and prevents superior dislocation of the humeral head

153
Q

acromioclavicular ligament

A

trapezoid and conoid bands prevents superior dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint

154
Q

sternoclavicular ligaments

A

anterior and posterior help strengthen the capsule of the sternoclavicular joint

155
Q

costoclavicular ligament

A

connects the first rib and clavicle and the interclavicular ligament connects the two clavicles and manubrium

156
Q

subacromial bursa

A

lies between the supraspinatus and deltoid tendons and the acromion, allows gliding and cushioning of these structures, especially upon shoulder abduction

157
Q

shoulder region four joints

A

glenohumeral
acromioclavicular
sternoclavicular
scapulothoracic

158
Q

acromioclavicular joint

A

plane synovial joint of the articulation of the acromion and the distal end of the clavicle, moves in 3 planes simultaneously witht eh scapulothoracic motion

159
Q

sternoclavicular joint

A

articulation of the proximal clavicle with the sternum and cartilage of the first rib, is a saddle synovial joint, moves in synchronization with the other 3 joints of the shoulder region and importantly provides the only bony connection between the humerus and the axial skeleton

160
Q

scapulothoracic joint

A

not a true joint but a physiological joint, formed by the articulation of the scapula with the thoracic cage, provides mobility and stability for the orientation of the glenoid fossa and the humeral head for arm movements in all planes

161
Q

scapulohumeral rhythm

A

full abduction of the arm requires simulataneous movement of the glenohumeral and scapulothroracic joints
allows for greater abduction ROM, maintains optimal length tension relationships of the glenohumeral muscles, and prevents impingements between the greater tubercle of the humerus and the acromion

162
Q

anterior muscles of the shoulder

A

pectoralis major, subscapularis, coracobrachialis, and biceps brachii

163
Q

posterior muscles of the shoulder

A

infraspinatus, teres minor

164
Q

superior muscles of the shoulder

A

deltoid and supraspinatus

165
Q

inferior muscles of the shoulder

A

latissimus dorsi, teres major, and long head of the triceps brachii

166
Q

pectoralis major

A

larges and powerful that is a prime mover in adduction, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation of the humerus
triangular, originating along the medial clavicle and sternum and attaching to the intertubercular groove of the humerus

167
Q

coracobrachialis

A

small muscle, assists with shoulder flexion and adduction

168
Q

biceps brachii

A

two joint, two head muscle that crosses the shoulder and elbow, assists with horizontal adduction, flexion, and internal rotation

169
Q

anterior deltoid

A

originates from the anterolateral aspect of the clavicle, responsible for shoulder flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint

170
Q

middle deltoid

A

originates from the lateral aspect of the acromion and is a powerful abductor of the glenohumeral joint

171
Q

posterior deltoid

A

originates from the inferior aspect of the scapular spines and its action sof glenohumeral extension, horizontal abduction, and external rotation oppose those of the anterior deltoid

172
Q

rotator cuff

A

originate from the scapula and insert at the greater or lesser tubercle of the humerus
important stabilizers of the glenohumeral joint and aid in the glenoid fossa during arm movements initiated by the larger shoulder muscles

173
Q

rotator cuff stabilizes the shoulder through four mechanisms

A

passive muscle tension
contraction of the muscles causing compression of the articular surface
joint motion that results in secondary tightening of the ligamentous restraints
the barrier effect of contracted rotator cuff muscles

173
Q

SITS

A

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

174
Q

latissimus dorsi

A

large fan shaped muscle that originates from the iliac crest and the posterior sacrum, lower six thoracic vertebrae, and lower 3 ribs
inserts at the intertubercular groove of the humerus
strong extensor, internal rotator, and adductor of the glenohumeral joint
angle of pull increases when the arm is abducted to 30-90 degrees

175
Q

teres major

A

actions similar to those of the latissimus dorsi

176
Q

triceps brachii

A

typically known as an elbow muscle, but its long head acts to extend the shoulder as well

177
Q

pectoralis minor

A

originates from the anterior aspects of the 3rd to the 5th ribs and inserts at the coracoid process of the scapula
contraction causes protraction, downward rotation, and depression of the scapula
lifting effect on the ribs during forceful inspiration and postural control

178
Q

serratus anterior

A

contains several bands that originate from the upper 9 ribs laterally and insert on the anterior aspect of the medial border of the scapula
protracts the scapula and is active in reaching and pushing
winging of the scapula results from dysfunction, which is possibly related to long thoracic nerve

179
Q

subclavius

A

small muscle that protects and stabilizes the sternoclavicular joint

180
Q

levator scapulae

A

originate from the transverse processes of the upper four cervical vertebrae, rub obliquely, and insert at the medial border superior to the scapular spine
produces elevation and downward rotation of the scapula and also act on the neck

181
Q

rhomboids

A

originate from the spinous processes of the last cervical and upper 5 thoracic vertebrae and insert on the medial border of the scapula from the spine to the inferior angle
action results in scapular retraction, downard rotation, and slight elevation
necessary for good posture

182
Q

trapezius

A

necessary for good posture
large triangular muscle and one of the largest muscles of the shoulder region
upper, middle, and lower fibers
origin covers a broad area from the base of the occiput to the spinous process of the 12th thoracic vertebrae, and its insertion runs from the lateral clavicle, medial border of the acromion, and scapular spine
contraction causes scapular elevation, scapular retraction, and scapular depression
upward rotation of the scapula

ACSM (3 decks)

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