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Child Psychology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the first cell that we become?

A

Zygote

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2
Q

Heredity

A

Genetic transmission of characteristics from parents to children

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3
Q

How is the first cell created?

A

Sperm pushes through the membrane of the ovum; they fuse together to form a zygote

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4
Q

What are gametes?

A

The male and female reproductive/sex cells that form a new cell at conception/fertilization

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5
Q

Fertilization

A

Process where gametes join to form zygote

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6
Q

Zygote

A

New cell created via fertilization

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7
Q

What do gametes contain?

A

Genetic information that is transferred via chromosomes during fertilization

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8
Q

genes

A

basic biological units of genetic information and inheritance

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9
Q

what is the russian doll analogy of genetics

A

cell –> inside the nucleus is 23 pairs of chromosomes (except gametes) –> in these chromosomes are genes —> genes are segments of DNA

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10
Q

what do genes influence

A

physical characteristics and have the instructions for making proteins

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11
Q

What is DNA

A

the substance that genes are composed of that determines the function and nature of every cell in the body

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12
Q

what are genes arranged in

A

specific order and location along 46 chromosomes

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13
Q

chromosomes

A

rod shaped portions of DNA that have 23 matching pairs

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14
Q

TF: all pairs of chromosomes are the same

A

false; 23rd pair differs from its member of the pair and it determines the sex

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15
Q

how many chromosomes do the gametes have and how do parents contribute to the total number of chromosomes

A

23 chromosomes in nucleus of gametes; mother and father each contribute 23 chromosomes each to make the 46 chromosomes the zygote

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16
Q

what is mitosis

A

process of cell replication, ensuring every cell has same chromosomes as zygote

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17
Q

meiosis

A

process of cell division that creates gametes

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18
Q

Monozygotic twins aka

A

identical

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19
Q

monozygotic twins are created when

A

cluster of cells in the ovum split off after fertilization; creating 2 identical zygotes that were from 1 original zygote

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20
Q

monozygotic twin

A

twins that are genetically identical

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21
Q

what is responsible for differences between monozygotic twins

A

environmental factors

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22
Q

how are dizygotic twins created?

A

when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time

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23
Q

dizygotic twins are no more similar than

A

siblings born at different times

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24
Q

dizygotic twins aka

A

fraternal

25
Q

variation between dizygotic twins is due to

A

env. or genetic factors

26
Q

what increases the chances of multiple births

A

fertility drugs, older women, familial history, racial /ethnic/national differences (African Americans more likely)

27
Q

mothers carrying multiple children run higher risk of

A

premature delivery and birth complications

28
Q

23rd chromosome pair: girl vs boy

A

female: XX
male: XY

29
Q

each gamete carries ___ chromosome from…

A

1 chromosome from each of parent’s 23 pairs

30
Q

an ovum will contribute a ___; sperm will contribute a ___

A

ovum (xx): will always contribute an X
sperm (xy): will either contribute an X or a Y

31
Q

what determines the gender of a child

A

sperm

32
Q

what was the scientist’s name that experimented with pea plants?

A

gregor mendel

33
Q

what is the dominant trait

A

the trait that is expressed, when two competing traits are present

34
Q

dominant vs recessive (lowercase or uppercase)

A

dominant: uppercase
recessive: lowercase

35
Q

recessive trait

A

the trait that is present, but not expressed when 2 competing traits are present

36
Q

genotype

A

underlying combo of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) - genetic info relating to both parents

ex). bb, Bb, BB

37
Q

phenotype

A

the observable trait

38
Q

genes vs alleles

A

genes: code for specific trait (which trait)
alleles: variation of a gene/ dif form (what form it takes)

ex.) coke vs cherry coke

39
Q

where do alleles occur and what are they

A

occur at the same place on chromosomes
2 forms of the same gene - one inherited from each parenet

40
Q

homozygous

A

inheriting similar genes for a given trait (BB, bb)

41
Q

heterozygoous

A

inheriting different forms of gene for a given trait (Bb)

42
Q

what is PKU

A

disorder; improper use of amino acid phenylamine

43
Q

a single allele is a

A

pair of genes

44
Q

PKU transmission and dominant/recessive trait

A

P: regular levels
p: carries recessive gene responsible for PKU

PP + PP: no chance of carriers (all PP)
Pp + PP: PP (50% of not carrying) Pp (50% of carrying)
Pp + Pp: PP, Pp (50% - carries) pp (25% - has PKU)

45
Q

polygenic inheritance:

A

inheritance in which a combo of MULTIPLE gene pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait

46
Q

X linked genes

A

recessive genes that are ONLY located on the x chromosome

47
Q

what kind of problems might arise because of the x linked genes

A

x-linked disorders – higher risk in males because they lack the second X

48
Q

number of genes

A

25000

49
Q

behavioral genetics

A

effects of heredity on behavior and psychological characteristics and personality

50
Q

Down syndrome

A

Extra chromosome on the 21st pair - mental retardation

51
Q

Fragile X syndrome

A

gene damaged on X chromosome - mental retardation

52
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

mostly common in African Americans
blood disorder - red blood cell shaped like sickles
poor appetite, stunted growth, swollen stomach, yellowish eyes
rarely live beyond childhood

53
Q

Tay Sachs disease

A

death before school age, blindness and muscle degeneration, no treatment

54
Q

klinefelter’s syndrome

A

extra X chromosome in males
underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, enlarged breasts

55
Q

Environmental influences on disorders

A

sickle cell in Africa vs america

56
Q

Genetic counseling

A

discipline that focuses on helping ppl deal with issues relating to inherited disorders

57
Q

first trimester screen

A

blood test and ultrasound sonography

58
Q
A

Child Psychology (4 decks)

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