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Child Psychology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first cell that we become?

A

Zygote

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2
Q

Heredity

A

Genetic transmission of characteristics from parents to children

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3
Q

How is the first cell created?

A

Sperm pushes through the membrane of the ovum; they fuse together to form a zygote

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4
Q

What are gametes?

A

The male and female reproductive/sex cells that form a new cell at conception/fertilization

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5
Q

Fertilization

A

Process where gametes join to form zygote

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6
Q

Zygote

A

New cell created via fertilization

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7
Q

What do gametes contain?

A

Genetic information that is transferred via chromosomes during fertilization

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8
Q

genes

A

basic biological units of genetic information and inheritance

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9
Q

what is the russian doll analogy of genetics

A

cell –> inside the nucleus is 23 pairs of chromosomes (except gametes) –> in these chromosomes are genes —> genes are segments of DNA

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10
Q

what do genes influence

A

physical characteristics and have the instructions for making proteins

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11
Q

What is DNA

A

the substance that genes are composed of that determines the function and nature of every cell in the body

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12
Q

what are genes arranged in

A

specific order and location along 46 chromosomes

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13
Q

chromosomes

A

rod shaped portions of DNA that have 23 matching pairs

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14
Q

TF: all pairs of chromosomes are the same

A

false; 23rd pair differs from its member of the pair and it determines the sex

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15
Q

how many chromosomes do the gametes have and how do parents contribute to the total number of chromosomes

A

23 chromosomes in nucleus of gametes; mother and father each contribute 23 chromosomes each to make the 46 chromosomes the zygote

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16
Q

what is mitosis

A

process of cell replication, ensuring every cell has same chromosomes as zygote

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17
Q

meiosis

A

process of cell division that creates gametes

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18
Q

Monozygotic twins aka

A

identical

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19
Q

monozygotic twins are created when

A

cluster of cells in the ovum split off after fertilization; creating 2 identical zygotes that were from 1 original zygote

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20
Q

monozygotic twin

A

twins that are genetically identical

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21
Q

what is responsible for differences between monozygotic twins

A

environmental factors

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22
Q

how are dizygotic twins created?

A

when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time

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23
Q

dizygotic twins are no more similar than

A

siblings born at different times

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24
Q

dizygotic twins aka

25
variation between dizygotic twins is due to
env. or genetic factors
26
what increases the chances of multiple births
fertility drugs, older women, familial history, racial /ethnic/national differences (African Americans more likely)
27
mothers carrying multiple children run higher risk of
premature delivery and birth complications
28
23rd chromosome pair: girl vs boy
female: XX male: XY
29
each gamete carries ___ chromosome from...
1 chromosome from each of parent's 23 pairs
30
an ovum will contribute a ___; sperm will contribute a ___
ovum (xx): will always contribute an X sperm (xy): will either contribute an X or a Y
31
what determines the gender of a child
sperm
32
what was the scientist's name that experimented with pea plants?
gregor mendel
33
what is the dominant trait
the trait that is expressed, when two competing traits are present
34
dominant vs recessive (lowercase or uppercase)
dominant: uppercase recessive: lowercase
35
recessive trait
the trait that is present, but not expressed when 2 competing traits are present
36
genotype
underlying combo of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) - genetic info relating to both parents ex). bb, Bb, BB
37
phenotype
the observable trait
38
genes vs alleles
genes: code for specific trait (which trait) alleles: variation of a gene/ dif form (what form it takes) ex.) coke vs cherry coke
39
where do alleles occur and what are they
occur at the same place on chromosomes 2 forms of the same gene - one inherited from each parenet
40
homozygous
inheriting similar genes for a given trait (BB, bb)
41
heterozygoous
inheriting different forms of gene for a given trait (Bb)
42
what is PKU
disorder; improper use of amino acid phenylamine
43
a single allele is a
pair of genes
44
PKU transmission and dominant/recessive trait
P: regular levels p: carries recessive gene responsible for PKU PP + PP: no chance of carriers (all PP) Pp + PP: PP (50% of not carrying) Pp (50% of carrying) Pp + Pp: PP, Pp (50% - carries) pp (25% - has PKU)
45
polygenic inheritance:
inheritance in which a combo of MULTIPLE gene pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait
46
X linked genes
recessive genes that are ONLY located on the x chromosome
47
what kind of problems might arise because of the x linked genes
x-linked disorders -- higher risk in males because they lack the second X
48
number of genes
25000
49
behavioral genetics
effects of heredity on behavior and psychological characteristics and personality
50
Down syndrome
Extra chromosome on the 21st pair - mental retardation
51
Fragile X syndrome
gene damaged on X chromosome - mental retardation
52
Sickle cell anemia
mostly common in African Americans blood disorder - red blood cell shaped like sickles poor appetite, stunted growth, swollen stomach, yellowish eyes rarely live beyond childhood
53
Tay Sachs disease
death before school age, blindness and muscle degeneration, no treatment
54
klinefelter's syndrome
extra X chromosome in males underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, enlarged breasts
55
Environmental influences on disorders
sickle cell in Africa vs america
56
Genetic counseling
discipline that focuses on helping ppl deal with issues relating to inherited disorders
57
first trimester screen
blood test and ultrasound sonography
58

Child Psychology (4 decks)

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