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Child Psychology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: our broad strokes of development from conceivement are different in all of us

A

False: development is similar in all humans

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2
Q

what do developmentalists study?

A

how biological inheritance and the env. we live in JOINTLY affect our behavior

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3
Q

what do some child dev. researchers study?

A

how genetics determines personality and the extent to which our potential is limited/provided by heredity

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4
Q

what do some child specialists study?

A

how we’re shaped by our early environments and how current circumstances impact behavior subtly/obviously

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5
Q

Child Development

A

scientific study of patterns of GROWTH, CHANGE, and STABILITY from conception –> adolescence

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6
Q

what do child development researchers apply and what does it allow the subject to be studied in?

A

apply scientific methods; allowing it to be studied objectively vs subjectively

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7
Q

process of development does/doesn’t continue
caveat:

A

does continue from conception till death
behavior might remain stable (ex. personality)

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8
Q

what do developmentalists assume?

A

no particular, specific period governs all development
- potential for growth, decline, change during all periods

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9
Q

what do dev./researchers study?

A

study universal principles or differences that affect development

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10
Q

What are the approaches to child dev?

A
  • physical
  • cognitive
  • psychosocial (social and personality)
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11
Q

physical development

ex)

A

how body’s makeup — brain, ns, muscles, senses
—-need for food, drink, sleep
determine behavior

ex) dehydration influences physical functioning
malnutrition and growth

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12
Q

cognitive development

A

how growth and change in intellectual capabilities influences behavior

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13
Q

what does cognitive development include:

A

intellect, problem solving, language, learning, memory

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14
Q

examples of cognitive development studies

A

how cultural dif explain academic success/failure
how ppl remember traumatizing events later on

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15
Q

personal development

A

study of stability and change in the enduring characteristics that differ from person to person

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16
Q

social development

A

way ppl’s interactions with people and their relationships grow, change, and stabilize over course of life

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17
Q

what might somebody in social dev. study

A

effects of racism, divorce, poverty

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18
Q

prenatal period

A

conception to birth

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19
Q

toddlerhood

A

birth to 3

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20
Q

preschool period

A

3-6

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21
Q

middle childhood

A

`6-12

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22
Q

adolescence

A

12-20

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23
Q

these periods of time are _____ (define this)

A

social constructions: shared notion of reality but has a function in society and culture

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24
Q

the age ranges are ___
why?

A

arbitrary
some age ranges have clear-cut boundaries like infancy begins with birth, preschool period ends with entry to school, adolescence begins with sexual maturity

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25
What age period is fluid
From middle childhood to adolescence, entry into adolescence varies from person to person bc arrival of biological change varies from person
26
Does personality change? Baby example After how many years
Yes but not dramatically. Shy baby won’t grow up to be most extroverted baby. Personality becomes pretty stable after 3
27
Jeffrey Arnett’s new developmental period
Emerging adulthood: late teenage years to early 20s not adolescents but haven’t taken on responsibilities of adult. Self exploration
28
factors that affect individual differences in the timing developmental milestones
biological and environmental
29
examples of individual dif
age of developing romantic relationships varies btw cultures
30
what are developmental specialists talking abt when they say age ranges
the average time that ppl reach a specific milestone
31
when does variation become noteworthy? what's concerning
*when children deviate substantially from the average* which could be concerning if delayed -- needs to be monitored/accessed to evaluate dev
32
what and when causes greater individual differences
as children age most dev. changes are autonomic and genetically determined (genetics impacts early on like eye color, height,etc) but env. factors become more potent with age
33
how does the impact of env factors grow
brain is most responsive to env factors -- good or bad--- and will permanently or temporarily change body's chemistry
34
when is brain development most rapid
early life
35
race vs ethnicity
race is a biological concept ethnicity is broader: religion, cultural background, nationality
36
cohort they are a product of...
group of ppl born around same time and place the social times in which they live
37
what influences members of a cohort
major events like a war, pandemic, etc.
38
cohort effects are an example of _______ (define ___)
history-graded inf: biological and env. influences associated with a specific historical moment
39
example of history graded influences
9/11 in NYC
40
what are cohort effects
idea that specific influences will affect dev., this and explains why ppl born around same time and place are similar in ways others aren't
41
age graded inf
biological and environmental influences similar for particular age groups regardless of cohort (when and where born)
42
examples of age graded influences
puberty and menopause and entry into edu, learning to walk, talk, etc
43
age graded influences are ______
normative and predictable --- tend to occurs at same age
44
sociocultural inf ex.)
ethnicity, social class, etc english as 2nd language for immigrant vs english for native born
45
non normative life events ex) these are
specific, ATYPICAL events that occur in a person's life at a time where such event don't happen to most winning state championship, housefire, Lousie unpredictable, irregular
46
things that influence dev
age grade inf, history graded inf, sociocultural inf, non normative life events
47
early views of children distinction btw adult and kid
believed children as mini adults and were treated as such (had to work) childhood wasn't qualitatively dif than adulthood
48
Locke
tabula rosa/blank slate * children were born with no specific characteristics or personalities * entirely shaped by experiences
49
Rousseau
noble savages: children were born with an innate sense of right/wrong/morality * grew up to be admirable adults unless corrupted by circumstances
50
Rousseau was the first to suggest
growth occurred in distinct, discont. stages automatically
51
baby biographies
first attempts of methodically studying children observers were typically parents tracing growth and phys/ling milestones of a single child
52
what was the downturn of baby biographies
not systematic and biased
53
what did darwin do what did he hope to understand
created a more systematic baby biography of his son through 1st yr * understanding how development of individuals will help him understand development of the species
54
what led to a focus on childhood
adult labor pool increased so children no longer needed for labor --- labor laws --- education meant kids separated from adults and teachers need to find ways to teach to KIDS (division of children and kids)
55
Alfred Binet
invented IQ test, investigated memory and mental calculation, pioneered study of child intelligence
56
stanley hall
questionnaires to express children's thinking and behavior, adolescence as period (start of systematic child study)
57
first female child psych
leta hollingworth
58
examples of large scale systematic investigations of children
stanford studies of gifted children (thru lifespan) research institute study and berkeley growth and guidance studies (identified nature of normal growth)
59
cont. change
development is GRADUAL, cumulative achievements on one level BUILD OFF of prev. levels (adding more of the same skill)
60
is cont change quantitative or qualitative? Why?
quantitative --- processes that drive change remain over life span; thus changes are a matter of degree not kind
61
picture cont. change as
running up a hill
62
discont. change picture it as change is
development in distinct steps/stages where each step is qualitatively different than prev stages climbing stairs abrupt and sudden
63
True or false: taking an either/or side on cont. vs discont. change is inappropriate
true, some are clearly discont. some clearly cont.
64
examples of cont development
height
65
critical period
specific time during development when a particular event has greatest consequences
66
critical period --- environmental stimuli
enable dev. to proceed normally or abnormally
67
difference btw critical and sensitive period
critical: essential that child develops those specific skills in THAT TIME FROM bc they might not develop them at all (consequences are irreversible) sensitive: more flexible, if skills aren't developed, it doesn't mean the skill can't develop at all (recognizes plasticity)
68
sensitive period
specific time when organisms are susceptible to env stimuli where it's the optimal period for capacities to emerge
69
life span approach vs particular periods
early on ppl only focused on infancy and adolescence, now the entire conception to adolescence is imp
70
life span approach
no one age period has biggest impact of dev. and events that occur during each period has equal powerful effects; growth and change occur throughout life
71
life span approach: dev is ___
multidimensional: affected by biological, psychological factors, etc. multidirectional: in some areas you progress, in others you decline
72
to understand social inf we must study
the people that provide these inf (parents) 15 yr old mom vs 37 yr old
73
changes in the composition of us population will lead to developmentalist to give more attention to issues of
diversity
74
nature ex)
traits, abilities, and capacities inherited from parents that are at work from conception to human how good we are at athletics, eye color, etc
75
what does nature encompass and its def
maturation: any factor produced by predetermined unfolding of genetic info
76
nurture
influence of the environment that shape behavior ---- biological (druggy mom) or social (parenting style) or socioeconomic/societal
77
genetically determined traits have a direct inf on ______ but indirect inf on _______
behavior shaping the env (cranky baby -genetics, will make her parents always comfort her)
78
our behavior will not occur in
absence of approp. env.
79
future of child dev
- field will become more specialized - boundaries sbtw dif subdisciplines will be blurred - greater attention on diversity - more professionals will use child development's research and findings - have influence on public interest issues
80
becoming informed consumer
- consider source of advice - evaluate credentials of advice giver - understand dif btw anecdotal evidence and sci evidence - keep cultural context in mid - don't assume that because many ppl believe in something makes it true
81
4 key issues in child devq
nature vs nurture discont. vs cont. critical vs sensitive life span vs periods

Child Psychology (4 decks)

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