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Linguistics - Morphology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

free morphemes

A

can stand alone as words

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1
Q

what creates new lexemes?

A

derivation and compounding

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2
Q

bound morphemes

A

cannot stand alone as words

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3
Q

affixes

A

a bound morpheme that consists of one or more segments that typically appear before, after or within a base morpheme (infix, circumfix, prefix, suffix)

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4
Q

infix

A

inserted into the base morpheme

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5
Q

prefix

A

bound morpheme that comes before the base

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6
Q

suffix

A

bound morpheme that comes after the base

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7
Q

circumfix

A

a prefix and a suffix that together create a new lexeme
–> ge-berg-te (mountain chain)
–> ge-vogel-te (flock of birds)

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8
Q

derivation

A

new lexemes that are formed with prefixes and suffixes on a base

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9
Q

bound base

A

morphemes that cannot stand on their own, but are not prefixes or suffixes

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10
Q

stem

A

part of a word that is left when all inflectional endings are removed

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11
Q

root

A

the part of a word that is left after all affixes are removed
–> can be a free base

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12
Q

affixation

A

formation of words by addition of prefixes, suffixes, infixes and circumfixes

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13
Q

suffix -ness

A

attaches to adjectives or nouns
–> the quality of X

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14
Q

prefix un-

A

attaches to adjectives, preferably those with neutral or positive connotations, and creates negative adjectives
–> reverse the action X

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15
Q

suffix -ize

A

attaches to adjectives or nouns of two or more syllables where the final syllable doesn’t bear primary stress
–> make/put into X

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16
Q

suffix -ify

A

attaches to adjectives or nouns with monosyllabic bases, final (y) or stressed syllables

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17
Q

transpositional affixes

A

primary function is to change the category of their base without adding extra meaning (-(a)tion, -ment, -al, -ity, -ness)

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18
Q

personal affixes

A

create people nouns from verbs or nouns
- agents: -er
- patient: -ee

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19
Q

locative affixes

A

designate a place ( -ery/-age EXAMPLE ONLY)

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20
Q

abstract affixes

A

nouns that denote qualities

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21
Q

negative affixes

A

add the meaning ‘not’ to their base (EXAMPLES: un-, in-, non-)

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22
Q

private affixes

A

something like ‘without X’ (EXAMPLES: -less, de-)

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23
Q

prepositional/relational affixes

A

often convey notions of space/time (EXAMPLES: over-, out-, pre-, post-,)

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24
Q

quantitative affixes

A

have something to with amount ( -ful, multi-, re-)

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25
Q

evaluative affixes

A
  • diminutives: signal a smaller version of the base (-let, –> booklet)
  • augmentatives: signal a bigger version of the base (mega-,–> megastore)
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26
Q

affixal polysemy

A

multiple related meanings of an affix

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27
Q

formative

A

an element that is used to form words, but which lacks clear meaning or function –> this mostly happens to forms not native to English

28
Q

cran morphs

A

a bound morpheme that occurs in only one word
–> cran - cranberry

29
Q

extenders

A

an extra segment that occasionally appears in derived words in English, but which has no meaning and doesn’t obviously belong to either base or affix
–> platonic (plato + n + ic)

30
Q

sound symbolism

A

a sequence of sounds thats sometimes associated with a vague meaning, but isn’t a morpheme –> sn in sneeze, snort, sniffle

31
Q

splinter

A

a piece of a word that isnt itself a morpheme but which can be used on an analogical basis to form a limited set of new words
–> -tarian from vegetarian, flexitarian

32
Q

allomorphs

A

a phonologically distinct variant of a morpheme
–> -(a)tion from participation

33
Q

compounds

A

words that are composed of two (or more) bases, roots, or stems

34
Q

compounds
N + N

A

= N (dog bed, file cabinet, apple pie)

35
Q

compounds
N + A

A

= A (sky blue, stone cold, bone dry)

36
Q

compounds
A + A

A

= A (blue-green, icy cold)

37
Q

compounds
A + N

A

= N (blackbird, green house, fastfood)

38
Q

compounds
N + V

A

= V (hand was, brainwash, baby sit)

39
Q

compounds
V + N

A

= N (pick pocket, sell sword, think tank)

40
Q

compounds
V + V

A

= V (stir fry, slam dunk, blow dry)

41
Q

compounds
A + V

A

= V (hot glue, slow dance)

42
Q

compounds
V + A

A

= A (go-slow)

43
Q

compounds
N + P

A

= A? (year-in)

44
Q

compounds
P + N

A

= N (afterbirth, backseat)

45
Q

compounds
V + P

A

= N (breakdown)

46
Q

compounds
P + V

A

= V (downgrade)

47
Q

compounds
A + P

A

= A (tuned-in)

48
Q

compounds
P + A

A

= A (inbuilt)

49
Q

compounds
P + P

A

= P (into)

50
Q

interfix/linking element

A

a meaningless vowel or consonant that occurs between the two elements that make up a compound

51
Q

root compound/primary compound

A

a compound in which the head element is not derived from a verb (dog bed, windmill, blue-green, stir fry)

52
Q

synthetic compound

A

a compound in which the head is derived from a verb and the non-head bears an argumental relationship to the head (truck driver, hand washing)

53
Q

head

A

the morpheme that determines the category and semantic type of the word or phrase

54
Q

attributive compound

A

the non-head acts as a modifier of the head
–> snail mail metaphorically is a kind of mail that moves like a snail.
- expresses any relationship with the head

55
Q

coordinative compound

A

the first element of the compound doesnt modify the second element –> the two have equal weight (producer-director, prince consort, blue-green, doctor-patient)

56
Q

sub-ordinative compound

A

one element is interpreted as the argument of the other, usually as its object –> when one element of the compound either is a V or is derived from a verb (synthetic compounds)
–> suffixes -er, -ing, -ation, -ment can be added to one element of the compound
(truck driver, mystery writer, hand holding, home invasion, meal preparation, cost containment)

57
Q

endocentric

A

the referent of the compound is always the same as the referent of its head (= equal to each other)
- attributive = windmill, greenhouse, sky blue, ice cold
- subordinative = truck driver, meal preparation
- coordinative = producer-director

58
Q

exocentric

A

the denotation of the compound as a whole is not the denotation of the head
- attributive = air head, bird brain
- subordinative = pickpocket, cutpurse
- coordinative = parent-child, doctor-patient

59
Q

conversion/functional shift

A

creating new lexemes without adding affixes
–> other term : zero affixation

60
Q

conversion/functional shift
N –> V

A

table –> to table
bread –> to bread
fish –> to fish

61
Q

conversion/functional shift
V –> N

A

to throw –> a throw
to kick –> a kick
to fix –> a (quick) fix

62
Q

conversion/functional shift
A –> V

A

cool –> to cool
yellow –> to yellow

63
Q

coinage

A

coming up with new words

64
Q

backformation

A

a word is formed by substracting a piece, usually an affix from a word which appears to be complex
peddlar –> peddler –> peddle

65
Q

blending

A

parts of lexemes that are not themselves morphemes are combined to form new lexemes
smoge = smoke + fog
brunch = breakfast + lunch
splog = spam + blog

66
Q

acronym

A

the first letters of a phrase are used to create a new word, pronounced as a word
–> AIDS (Acquired, Immune, Deficiency, Syndrome)

67
Q

initialism

A

the first letters of a phrase are used to create a new word, pronounced as individual letters
–> FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)

68
Q

clipping

A

creating a new word by shortening already existing words
- fridge –> refrigerator
- info –> information

Linguistics - Morphology (5 decks)

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