Chapter 3 Flashcards

Exam 1 content (fluids, electrolytes, acid-base balance, and iv therapy)

1
Q

who is more likely to experience severe consequences with even minor changes to fluid balance?

A

older adults and the very young

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1
Q

what are the 4 main functions of water in the body?

A
  1. vehicle for transportation of substances to and from the cells
  2. heat regulation (ex: sweating)
  3. assists in hydrogen balance
  4. serves as a medium for enzymatic action of digestion
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2
Q

what is intracellular fluid? high in what electrolyte?

A

fluid within the cell walls,
high in potassium

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3
Q

what is extracellular fluid? function? high in what electrolyte

A

-fluid outside the cell
-transports nutrients, oxygen, and waste to and from cells
- high in sodium

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4
Q

excretion of the body’s fluid is achieved mainly through what organ?

A

the kidneys

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5
Q

what is intravascular fluid?

A

fluid within the blood vessels

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6
Q

what receptors control fluid balance?

A

osmoreceptors, baroreceptors

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7
Q

what does osmoreceptors do?

A

sense the internal environment and promote the intake of fluid when it is needed

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8
Q

what does baroreceptors do? what does it stimulate ?

A

detect pressure changes that indicate an increase or decrease in blood volume
stimulates the sympathetic and parasympathetic system

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9
Q

what are three examples of passive transport ?

A
  1. diffusion
  2. osmosis
  3. filtration
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10
Q

what happens in a isotonic solution?

A

when the cells are surrounded by a solution that has the same concentration of particles. EQUAL

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11
Q

what happens in a hypertonic solution?

A

when cells are surrounded by a solution that has a greater concentration of solute than the cells. cells will SHRINK AND DEHYDRATE

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12
Q

what happens in a hypotonic solution?

A

cell surrounded by a solution that has less solute than the cell. cell will SWELL

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13
Q

what organ is the main regulator of fluid balance

A

kidneys

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14
Q

what is the functioning unit of the kidney

A

the nephron

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15
Q

what hormone is secreted when blood pressure/volume is low? causes the release of what hormone?

A
  1. renin
  2. aldosterone
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16
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

increase reabsorption of sodium and water, decrease absorption of potassium (regulate volume)

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17
Q

what does ADH do?

A

keep you from peeing out fluid when volume/pressure is low. tells you to hold onto it and put it back into the system.

18
Q

what does ANP do? released by? why?

A

released by the atria in response to high volume. tells the body to excrete sodium and water, turns all previous hormones off since there is too much pressure/volume

19
Q

what are the age-related factors affecting fluid balance?

A
  1. total body water declines with age
  2. older adults have a reduced sense of thirst leading to chronic dehydration
  3. aging kidneys slower to adjust to changes in acid-base, fluid, and electrolyte balance
  4. antihypertensives, and diuretics, also contribute to imbalances
  5. older people has limited reserves to maintain fluid balance
20
Q

what is hypovolemia? hypervolemia?

A
  1. hypovolemia, insuffient fluid
  2. hypervolemia, fluid overload
21
Q

signs of dehydration? BP, HR, RR, weight, urine output, and skin turgor?

A
  1. low blood pressure
  2. rapid, weak, thready pulse
  3. poor skin turgor
  4. low urine output
  5. weight loss
  6. dry mucous membranes
    flat neck veins
    hypotension
    sunken eyeballs
22
Q

what are these people at risk for? elderly, hemorrhage, diarrhea, vomiting, burns, NPO, meds, suction, and wounds?

A

dehydration

23
Q

signs of fluid volume overload?

A

weight gain
slow bounding pulse
elevated blood pressure
possible edema
crackles in lungs
lethargy
visible neck veins
decreased serum sodium

24
treatment of hypervolemia
restrict fluid intake diuretics low sodium foods
25
function of sodium? sources of it? range
major cation of extracellular fluid major role in the regulation of fluid balance important in controlling the contractility of the heart helps maintain acid-base balance 135-145 - cheese, frozen vegetables with sauce, tomato or vegetable juice, deli meats, olives, ham, canned soups, dried fruits, buttermilk
26
symptoms of hyponatremia?
- headache, lethargy, confusion - muscle cramps - seizures - anorexia, nausea, vomiting - coma
27
symptoms of hypernatremia?
- weakness, lethargy, irritability - muscle twitching - seizures - intense thirst, flushed skin - coma - brain bleeding
28
treatment for hyponatremia?
administer IV fluids with sodium restrict fluid intake eat sodium hgih foods
29
treatment for hypernatremia?
administer fluids that are sodium free to flush of Na encourage drinking sodium free drinks sodium restricted diet
30
function of potassium? sources of it? range?
major intracellular cation important for nerve transmission and muscle contraction helps maintain normal heart rhythm helps maintain plasma acid-base balance 3.5-5 apricots, avocados, orange juice, banana, spinach, figs, white beans, prunes, raisins, figs, tomatoes
31
symptoms of hypokalemia?
- fatigue, lethargy - muscle weakness and leg cramps anorexia, nausea, vomiting decreased bowel sounds weak irregular pulses decreased tendon reflexes
32
symptoms of hyperkalemia?
irritability, apathy, confusion muscle weakness, numbness gi hyperactivity, diarrhea cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest irregular pulses gi hyperactivity like cramping
33
treatment of hypokalemia?
administer IV fluids with K eat potassium-high foods if taking diuretic make sure k sparring diuretic like spironolactone
34
the function of calcium? sources of it, range?
formation of bones and teeth necessary for blood coagulation essential for normal nerve and muscle activity 8.9-10.5 dark leafy greens, canned salmon, soy products, milk
35
symptoms of hypocalcemia?
confusion, anxiety hyperactive deep tendon reflexes cardiac dysrhythmias, cramps, tetany, convulsions numbness tingling of extremities positive trousseaus and chvosteks signs
36
symptoms of hypercalcemia?
lethargy, weakness depressed deep tendon reflexes cardiac dysrhythmias anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation kidney stones
37
treatment of hypocalcemia?
give calcium and vitmain d eat foods high in calcium
38
treatment of hypercalcemia?
administer phosphorus, steroids, calcitonin restrict calcium food
39
the function of magnesium? sources of it? range?
necessary for building bones and teeth necessary for nerve transmission and involved in muscle contraction plays an important role in metabolic reactions regulates cardiac function cereals, grains, nuts, dried fruit, legumes, leafy greens, dairy, meat, fish, chocolate - 1.5-2.5
40
symptoms of hypomagnesmia?
tremors disorientation, vertigo, confusion increased reflexes, tremors, convulsions positive trousseaus and chvosteks signs tachycardia, elevated bp respiratory difficulties anorexia and dysphagia
41
symptoms of hypermagnesemia?
lethargy vasodilation decreased deep tendon reflexes respiratory depression respiratory or cardiac arrest nausea and vomiting
42
treatment of hypomagnesemia?
give magnesium eat foods high in magnesium avoid alcohol
43
treatment of hypermagnesemia?
dialysis low magnesium diet