Chapter 3

Question 1

who is more likely to experience severe consequences with even minor changes to fluid balance?

Answer 1

older adults and the very young

Question 1

what are the 4 main functions of water in the body?

Answer 1

1. vehicle for transportation of substances to and from the cells
2. heat regulation (ex: sweating)
3. assists in hydrogen balance
4. serves as a medium for enzymatic action of digestion

Question 2

what is intracellular fluid? high in what electrolyte?

Answer 2

fluid within the cell walls,
high in potassium

Question 3

what is extracellular fluid? function? high in what electrolyte

Answer 3

-fluid outside the cell
-transports nutrients, oxygen, and waste to and from cells
- high in sodium

Question 4

excretion of the body’s fluid is achieved mainly through what organ?

Answer 4

the kidneys

Question 5

what is intravascular fluid?

Answer 5

fluid within the blood vessels

Question 6

what receptors control fluid balance?

Answer 6

osmoreceptors, baroreceptors

Question 7

what does osmoreceptors do?

Answer 7

sense the internal environment and promote the intake of fluid when it is needed

Question 8

what does baroreceptors do? what does it stimulate ?

Answer 8

detect pressure changes that indicate an increase or decrease in blood volume
stimulates the sympathetic and parasympathetic system

Question 9

what are three examples of passive transport ?

Answer 9

1. diffusion
2. osmosis
3. filtration

Question 10

what happens in a isotonic solution?

Answer 10

when the cells are surrounded by a solution that has the same concentration of particles. EQUAL

Question 11

what happens in a hypertonic solution?

Answer 11

when cells are surrounded by a solution that has a greater concentration of solute than the cells. cells will SHRINK AND DEHYDRATE

Question 12

what happens in a hypotonic solution?

Answer 12

cell surrounded by a solution that has less solute than the cell. cell will SWELL

Question 13

what organ is the main regulator of fluid balance

Answer 13

kidneys

Question 14

what is the functioning unit of the kidney

Answer 14

the nephron

Question 15

what hormone is secreted when blood pressure/volume is low? causes the release of what hormone?

Answer 15

1. renin
2. aldosterone

Question 16

what does aldosterone do?

Answer 16

increase reabsorption of sodium and water, decrease absorption of potassium (regulate volume)

Question 17

what does ADH do?

Answer 17

keep you from peeing out fluid when volume/pressure is low. tells you to hold onto it and put it back into the system.

Question 18

what does ANP do? released by? why?

Answer 18

released by the atria in response to high volume. tells the body to excrete sodium and water, turns all previous hormones off since there is too much pressure/volume

Question 19

what are the age-related factors affecting fluid balance?

Answer 19

1. total body water declines with age
2. older adults have a reduced sense of thirst leading to chronic dehydration
3. aging kidneys slower to adjust to changes in acid-base, fluid, and electrolyte balance
4. antihypertensives, and diuretics, also contribute to imbalances
5. older people has limited reserves to maintain fluid balance

Question 20

what is hypovolemia? hypervolemia?

Answer 20

1. hypovolemia, insuffient fluid
2. hypervolemia, fluid overload

Question 21

signs of dehydration? BP, HR, RR, weight, urine output, and skin turgor?

Answer 21

1. low blood pressure
2. rapid, weak, thready pulse
3. poor skin turgor
4. low urine output
5. weight loss
6. dry mucous membranes
   flat neck veins
   hypotension
   sunken eyeballs

Question 22

what are these people at risk for? elderly, hemorrhage, diarrhea, vomiting, burns, NPO, meds, suction, and wounds?

Answer 22

dehydration

Question 23

signs of fluid volume overload?

Answer 23

weight gain
slow bounding pulse
elevated blood pressure
possible edema
crackles in lungs
lethargy
visible neck veins
decreased serum sodium

Question 24

treatment of hypervolemia

Answer 24

restrict fluid intake
diuretics
low sodium foods

Question 25

function of sodium? sources of it? range

Answer 25

major cation of extracellular fluid
major role in the regulation of fluid balance
important in controlling the contractility of the heart
helps maintain acid-base balance
135-145
- cheese, frozen vegetables with sauce, tomato or vegetable juice, deli meats, olives, ham, canned soups, dried fruits, buttermilk

Question 26

symptoms of hyponatremia?

Answer 26

• headache, lethargy, confusion
• muscle cramps
• seizures
• anorexia, nausea, vomiting
• coma

Question 27

symptoms of hypernatremia?

Answer 27

• weakness, lethargy, irritability
• muscle twitching
• seizures
• intense thirst, flushed skin
• coma
• brain bleeding

Question 28

treatment for hyponatremia?

Answer 28

administer IV fluids with sodium
restrict fluid intake
eat sodium hgih foods

Question 29

treatment for hypernatremia?

Answer 29

administer fluids that are sodium free to flush of Na
encourage drinking sodium free drinks
sodium restricted diet

Question 30

function of potassium? sources of it? range?

Answer 30

major intracellular cation
important for nerve transmission and muscle contraction
helps maintain normal heart rhythm
helps maintain plasma acid-base balance
3.5-5
apricots, avocados, orange juice, banana, spinach, figs, white beans, prunes, raisins, figs, tomatoes

Question 31

symptoms of hypokalemia?

Answer 31

• fatigue, lethargy
• muscle weakness and leg cramps
  anorexia, nausea, vomiting
  decreased bowel sounds
  weak irregular pulses
  decreased tendon reflexes

Question 32

symptoms of hyperkalemia?

Answer 32

irritability, apathy, confusion
muscle weakness, numbness
gi hyperactivity, diarrhea
cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest
irregular pulses
gi hyperactivity like cramping

Question 33

treatment of hypokalemia?

Answer 33

administer IV fluids with K
eat potassium-high foods
if taking diuretic make sure k sparring diuretic like spironolactone

Question 34

the function of calcium? sources of it, range?

Answer 34

formation of bones and teeth
necessary for blood coagulation
essential for normal nerve and muscle activity
8.9-10.5
dark leafy greens, canned salmon, soy products, milk

Question 35

symptoms of hypocalcemia?

Answer 35

confusion, anxiety
hyperactive deep tendon reflexes
cardiac dysrhythmias, cramps, tetany, convulsions
numbness tingling of extremities
positive trousseaus and chvosteks signs

Question 36

symptoms of hypercalcemia?

Answer 36

lethargy, weakness
depressed deep tendon reflexes
cardiac dysrhythmias
anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation
kidney stones

Question 37

treatment of hypocalcemia?

Answer 37

give calcium and vitmain d
eat foods high in calcium

Question 38

treatment of hypercalcemia?

Answer 38

administer phosphorus, steroids, calcitonin
restrict calcium food

Question 39

the function of magnesium? sources of it? range?

Answer 39

necessary for building bones and teeth
necessary for nerve transmission and involved in muscle contraction
plays an important role in metabolic reactions
regulates cardiac function
cereals, grains, nuts, dried fruit, legumes, leafy greens, dairy, meat, fish, chocolate
- 1.5-2.5

Question 40

symptoms of hypomagnesmia?

Answer 40

tremors
disorientation, vertigo, confusion
increased reflexes, tremors, convulsions
positive trousseaus and chvosteks signs
tachycardia, elevated bp
respiratory difficulties
anorexia and dysphagia

Question 41

symptoms of hypermagnesemia?

Answer 41

lethargy
vasodilation
decreased deep tendon reflexes
respiratory depression
respiratory or cardiac arrest
nausea and vomiting

Question 42

treatment of hypomagnesemia?

Answer 42

give magnesium
eat foods high in magnesium
avoid alcohol

Question 43

treatment of hypermagnesemia?

Answer 43

dialysis
low magnesium diet