Chapter 3 Flashcards
Exam 1 content (fluids, electrolytes, acid-base balance, and iv therapy)
who is more likely to experience severe consequences with even minor changes to fluid balance?
older adults and the very young
what are the 4 main functions of water in the body?
- vehicle for transportation of substances to and from the cells
- heat regulation (ex: sweating)
- assists in hydrogen balance
- serves as a medium for enzymatic action of digestion
what is intracellular fluid? high in what electrolyte?
fluid within the cell walls,
high in potassium
what is extracellular fluid? function? high in what electrolyte
-fluid outside the cell
-transports nutrients, oxygen, and waste to and from cells
- high in sodium
excretion of the body’s fluid is achieved mainly through what organ?
the kidneys
what is intravascular fluid?
fluid within the blood vessels
what receptors control fluid balance?
osmoreceptors, baroreceptors
what does osmoreceptors do?
sense the internal environment and promote the intake of fluid when it is needed
what does baroreceptors do? what does it stimulate ?
detect pressure changes that indicate an increase or decrease in blood volume
stimulates the sympathetic and parasympathetic system
what are three examples of passive transport ?
- diffusion
- osmosis
- filtration
what happens in a isotonic solution?
when the cells are surrounded by a solution that has the same concentration of particles. EQUAL
what happens in a hypertonic solution?
when cells are surrounded by a solution that has a greater concentration of solute than the cells. cells will SHRINK AND DEHYDRATE
what happens in a hypotonic solution?
cell surrounded by a solution that has less solute than the cell. cell will SWELL
what organ is the main regulator of fluid balance
kidneys
what is the functioning unit of the kidney
the nephron
what hormone is secreted when blood pressure/volume is low? causes the release of what hormone?
- renin
- aldosterone
what does aldosterone do?
increase reabsorption of sodium and water, decrease absorption of potassium (regulate volume)
what does ADH do?
keep you from peeing out fluid when volume/pressure is low. tells you to hold onto it and put it back into the system.
what does ANP do? released by? why?
released by the atria in response to high volume. tells the body to excrete sodium and water, turns all previous hormones off since there is too much pressure/volume
what are the age-related factors affecting fluid balance?
- total body water declines with age
- older adults have a reduced sense of thirst leading to chronic dehydration
- aging kidneys slower to adjust to changes in acid-base, fluid, and electrolyte balance
- antihypertensives, and diuretics, also contribute to imbalances
- older people has limited reserves to maintain fluid balance
what is hypovolemia? hypervolemia?
- hypovolemia, insuffient fluid
- hypervolemia, fluid overload
signs of dehydration? BP, HR, RR, weight, urine output, and skin turgor?
- low blood pressure
- rapid, weak, thready pulse
- poor skin turgor
- low urine output
- weight loss
- dry mucous membranes
flat neck veins
hypotension
sunken eyeballs
what are these people at risk for? elderly, hemorrhage, diarrhea, vomiting, burns, NPO, meds, suction, and wounds?
dehydration
signs of fluid volume overload?
weight gain
slow bounding pulse
elevated blood pressure
possible edema
crackles in lungs
lethargy
visible neck veins
decreased serum sodium
treatment of hypervolemia
restrict fluid intake
diuretics
low sodium foods
function of sodium? sources of it? range
major cation of extracellular fluid
major role in the regulation of fluid balance
important in controlling the contractility of the heart
helps maintain acid-base balance
135-145
- cheese, frozen vegetables with sauce, tomato or vegetable juice, deli meats, olives, ham, canned soups, dried fruits, buttermilk
symptoms of hyponatremia?
- headache, lethargy, confusion
- muscle cramps
- seizures
- anorexia, nausea, vomiting
- coma
symptoms of hypernatremia?
- weakness, lethargy, irritability
- muscle twitching
- seizures
- intense thirst, flushed skin
- coma
- brain bleeding
treatment for hyponatremia?
administer IV fluids with sodium
restrict fluid intake
eat sodium hgih foods
treatment for hypernatremia?
administer fluids that are sodium free to flush of Na
encourage drinking sodium free drinks
sodium restricted diet
function of potassium? sources of it? range?
major intracellular cation
important for nerve transmission and muscle contraction
helps maintain normal heart rhythm
helps maintain plasma acid-base balance
3.5-5
apricots, avocados, orange juice, banana, spinach, figs, white beans, prunes, raisins, figs, tomatoes
symptoms of hypokalemia?
- fatigue, lethargy
- muscle weakness and leg cramps
anorexia, nausea, vomiting
decreased bowel sounds
weak irregular pulses
decreased tendon reflexes
symptoms of hyperkalemia?
irritability, apathy, confusion
muscle weakness, numbness
gi hyperactivity, diarrhea
cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest
irregular pulses
gi hyperactivity like cramping
treatment of hypokalemia?
administer IV fluids with K
eat potassium-high foods
if taking diuretic make sure k sparring diuretic like spironolactone
the function of calcium? sources of it, range?
formation of bones and teeth
necessary for blood coagulation
essential for normal nerve and muscle activity
8.9-10.5
dark leafy greens, canned salmon, soy products, milk
symptoms of hypocalcemia?
confusion, anxiety
hyperactive deep tendon reflexes
cardiac dysrhythmias, cramps, tetany, convulsions
numbness tingling of extremities
positive trousseaus and chvosteks signs
symptoms of hypercalcemia?
lethargy, weakness
depressed deep tendon reflexes
cardiac dysrhythmias
anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation
kidney stones
treatment of hypocalcemia?
give calcium and vitmain d
eat foods high in calcium
treatment of hypercalcemia?
administer phosphorus, steroids, calcitonin
restrict calcium food
the function of magnesium? sources of it? range?
necessary for building bones and teeth
necessary for nerve transmission and involved in muscle contraction
plays an important role in metabolic reactions
regulates cardiac function
cereals, grains, nuts, dried fruit, legumes, leafy greens, dairy, meat, fish, chocolate
- 1.5-2.5
symptoms of hypomagnesmia?
tremors
disorientation, vertigo, confusion
increased reflexes, tremors, convulsions
positive trousseaus and chvosteks signs
tachycardia, elevated bp
respiratory difficulties
anorexia and dysphagia
symptoms of hypermagnesemia?
lethargy
vasodilation
decreased deep tendon reflexes
respiratory depression
respiratory or cardiac arrest
nausea and vomiting
treatment of hypomagnesemia?
give magnesium
eat foods high in magnesium
avoid alcohol
treatment of hypermagnesemia?
dialysis
low magnesium diet
