Chapter 14: Lower Respiratory Disorders Flashcards
What is acute bronchitis caused by?
Inflammation of the trachea and bronchi caused by virus or bacteria leading to infection
What are some symptoms of acute bronchitis ?
- cough with or without sputum
- sore throat, runny nose
- headache, muscle aches, fatigue
SIMILAR TO THAT OF A COMMON COLD
Treatment of acute bronchitis ?
-humidification of want or cool moist air
- cough suppressants or bronchodilators
- antibiotics are used if sputum culture identifies specific organism
What is chronic bronchitis?
Inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles due to chronic exposure of irritants
Symptoms of chronic bronchitis?
- cigarette cough, sputum production
- hypoxia, hypercapnia
- barrel chest, SOB, decreased breath sounds
- wheezing, cyanosis
What is influenza?
highly infectious disease of upper and lower respiratory tracks ( can be isolated cases or epidemic causing)
Symptoms of influenza?
-headache, fever, chills
- muscle aches, sore throat, hacking cough, runny nose
- sensitivity to light, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Treatment of influenza?
-antibiotics are only given if evidence of bacteria or infection secondary to viral infection
- antiviral medications may be used in specific patient populations
- if uncomplicated influenza tx is: oral fluid increase, saline gargles, cough suppressant medicine, humidify air
What is pneumonia?
Extensive inflammation of the lungs tissue as it fills with exudate or edema
Symptoms of pneumonia?
- cough, fever, chills, chest pain
- rusty or blood-flecked sputum
- sweating
(Can be fatal)
Treatment of pneumonia?
- typically with IV or oral antibiotic agents (like erythromycin or Cipro)
- possibly ventilation, increase fluids
What is tuberculosis ?
An infectious disease characterized by lesions within the lung tissue ( lesion may become necrotic or degenerate)
Symptoms of tuberculosis?
- cough, low grade fever, anorexia, loss of weight
- fatigue, night sweats, sometimes blood in sputum ( hemoptysis)
- tight or dull chest pain and mucopurulent sputum
What are risk factors of tuberculosis?
- health care workers
- px with poor immune system
- px with poor access to health care
Who must be tested periodically for tuberculosis?
- food handlers, those working with children, and healthcare workers
What is Pleurisy (pleuritis)? Caused by?
-Inflammation of the pleura (membrane that covers the lungs and inside chest cavity)
- caused by infection but also can be caused by medications, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis
symptoms of pleuritis (pleurisy)
-sharp and abrupt onset pain most evident on inspiration
-shallow breathing
-pleural friction rub (leather on leather sound)
-Fever (seen with viral infection & pneumonia)
treatment of pleuritis (pleurisy)
-Treat the underlying disease
-Analgesics
-Anti-inflammatories
-lying on the affected side during or splinting the affected side during coughing can provide relief
What is pleural effusion? causes?
accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
- causes congestive heart failure, chronic liver failure, renal disease
symptoms of pleural effusion?
dyspnea, cough, chest pain
What is a pulmonary embolism?
pulmonary vessel plugged with a mass or clot
symptoms of pulmonary embolism
-hypoxia, tachypnea, chest pain, SOB
What is asthma?
a chronic condition that occurs from inflammation and hyperresponsiveness
- leads to bronchoconstriction
what groups of people are more at risk for pneumonia
American Indians and Alaska natives
what test can definitively indicate that a person has TB
sputum
what are some examples of COPD
- emphysema
-chronic bronchitis
what are some symptoms of COPD
productive cough
barrel chest
later symptoms:
- cyanosis
- JVD
- clubbing
- polycythemia
-weight loss
COPD diagnostic tests
- pulmonary function tests
- ABGS
- chest x-ray
- EKG
- elevated HCT
treatment for COPD
- supplemental O2
- pulmonary exercise
- SABA, LABA
- inhaled anticholinergics
- inhaled costeroids (IV if hospitalized)
- rest
patient teaching for COPD
- smoking cessation
- vaccinations
- pursed lip breathing
- positioning
- effective coughing
- high protein / high-calorie diet
- 4-6 small meals
treatment for asthma
- oxygen
- steroids
- IV magnesium
