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Criminology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Positivism?

A

a theoretical approach to thinking about the relationship between science and society

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2
Q

How is crime explained by poisitivists?

A

forces and factors outside the decision ability of the individual

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3
Q

What are the two major approaches within positivism?

A

Biological and Psychological

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4
Q

What does Proletariat mean?

A

Working class

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5
Q

What compromises did the Capitalist class make the working class?

A

legal recognition of industrial unions, and the extension to vote to members of the working class

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6
Q

What did the Winnipeg general strike of 1919 accomplish?

A

guarantee of their jobs back, employers agreed to recognize unions, allow for collective bargaining.

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7
Q

What is imperialism?

A

domination by one or more countries over others for political and economic objectives

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8
Q

What tasks did positivist social scientists have?

A

identifying the nature and source of dysfunctions and attempting to devise strategies to alleviate them

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9
Q

What are the Three premises that underpinned the scientific approach conceived by positivists?

A
  1. The social scientists had to be neutral observers and “value-free”
  2. Developing ways to measure human activity
  3. Uncover the causal determinants of the human behaviour, then predict and modify future behavioural outcomes
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10
Q

What is a positivists focus of analysis?

A

characteristics of offender

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11
Q

How would a positivist prevent crime?

A

early intervention

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12
Q

Do positivists see it necessary to measure the dark figure of crime? if so how?

A

yes, with large-scale questionnaires, interviews, etc.

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13
Q

How is the positivists view oriented towards dealing with offenders?

A

They are not oriented towards punishment, more towards treatment of offenders

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14
Q

What does response to crime mean to positivists?

A

to deal with the reason that caused the offending behaviour in the first place

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15
Q

What is Biological Positivism?

A

A theory of crime developed on the basis of measurable physical differences between the criminal and the noncriminal

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16
Q

What does Atavism mean?

A

“born criminal”. the atavistic criminal was one representing an earlier stage of human development

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17
Q

How could an atavistic criminal be identified?

A

physical characteristics:
- abnormal dentition (protruding teeth)
- asymmetric face
- larger ears
- supernumerary fingers and toes
- eye defects
- tattoos

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18
Q

What was the goal of French intelligence testing?

A

identify intellectually inferior children and place them in special schools where they would receive increased individual attention

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19
Q

What is the Binet-Scale?

A

a test used to determine the relative development of intelligence, especially in children

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20
Q

What are the three broad categories of body types?

A
  1. endomorphic (soft and round)
  2. mesomorphic (muscular and strong)
  3. ectomorphic (thin and fragile)
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21
Q

What body type is argued to most likely be criminal?

A

mesomorphs

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22
Q

What was the goal of the eugenics movement?

A

to protect the best gene pool.

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23
Q

What were negative traits deemed to be “bad genes”?

A

metal illness, mental retardation, criminality, and other social defects such as sexual perversion and prostitution

24
Q

What were psychological positivists argument?

A

crime was made not born, they focus on the processes of the mind to explain crime

25
Q

What are the two major strands found in contemporary examples of biological and psychological positivism?

A
  • forensic psychiatry/psychology
  • theories that have, to a greater or lesser degree, taken a more academic turn
26
Q

What is psychodynamic theory?

A

how individuals learn self control

27
Q

How do individuals learn not to offend?

A

developing self control

28
Q

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, what elements will make a child have a higher chance of being a criminal

A
  • impulsivity, or an inability to defer gratification
  • lack of perseverance
  • preference for risky behaviour
  • preference for physical as opposed to mental activity
  • self-centredness
  • a low threshold for frustration
29
Q

What was Hans Eysenck’s biosocial explanation?

A

behaviour explained by psychological and environmental influences.

30
Q

What two key variables explain criminal behaviour in a biosocial explanation?

A
  • the differential ability to be conditioned
  • the differential quality of conditioning (child rearing)
31
Q

What are contemporary Positivists?

A

they see a dynamic relationship between biological factors and environmental factors

32
Q

What conflicts does positivists using incarcerated people as their subjects cause?

A

it means that by their definition all incarcerated people are psychologically or biologically deficient

33
Q

What is circular reasoning?

A

Where A (criminality) is supposed to be caused by B (impairment)

34
Q

What geometric orientation, political orientation, measuring approach is biological/psychological positivism?

A

Circle, liberal, realist (also situational)

35
Q

What is social darwinism? What is its connection to bio/psych positivism?

A

Social darwinism comes from Darwin’s theory of evolution and was misappropriated to prove there was a hierarchy of people. It was used to justify slavery and colonialism.

36
Q

What are some examples of eugenics inspired by social darwinism?

A

Forced sterilization of Indigenous women and disabled people, birth alerts.

37
Q

How do positivists define crime?

A

Violation of social consensus.

38
Q

Do positivists believe in rehabilitation?

A

Yes! They want to diagnose and treat the offender, and in some cases believe that involves medical and surgical solutions (ex. lobotomies).

39
Q

What are some causes of crime according to biological positivists?

A

Illness, bio-chemistry, pathology, deficiency.

40
Q

Why was there a rise in professionalism with positivism?

A

In order to treat and diagnose criminals, positivism relies on professionals who are experts in that field.

41
Q

What were some points made in the John Oliver video we watched.

A

Rise of forensic evidence leads jurors to expect forensic evidence in every case, also causes faulty forensic evidence to be presented as fact and believed bc they were presented by “experts”.

42
Q

Who first popularized biological positivism?

A

Cesare Lombroso.

43
Q

How did Lombroso identify supposed characteristics of criminals?

A

He studied a very small sample of inmate cadavers, some characteristics weren’t even ones they would be born with (scars).

44
Q

what were the two typologies of criminals?

A

Insane and occasional (epileptic criminal an extra category i think)

45
Q

What is phrenology?

A

The idea that shape and size of skull corresponds to brain functions and ability.

46
Q

Who coined Eugenics? When?

A

Franis Galton in 1883.

47
Q

How does one get deemed NCR?

A

At the time of the crime: suffer from some mentally impairing ailment, not be able to appreciate the wrongness of your actions or accurately predict the consequences of those actions.

48
Q

Provide a brief overview of the Sean Clifton case.

A

Sean Clifton suffers from schizophrenia and OCD. In 1999, Sean was overcome with his thoughts and impulses and he stole a knife a stabbed a woman. He was so dissociated during the event and interrogation, he was deemed NCR. He got sent to a forensic psychiatric facility, took 8 years for him to go through the reintegration process, but eventually he did, under much supervision and on meds.

49
Q

What did Dell and Kilty (2012) study?

A

They examined the unequal treatment of indigenous women in the justice system.

50
Q

What is criminal profiling?

A

Aimed at identifying the personality of an at-large offender.

51
Q

What is geographic profiling?

A

Aimed at determining the area that the offender most likely lives in.

52
Q

How do recent control theorists see offending? Who are they?

A

Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990, related to a lack of self control, supposedly traced back to poor childhood upbringing.

53
Q

What is the focus of biosocial explanations?

A

Personality types, which are born from biology and developmental experiences.

54
Q

What were the two variables suggested by Hans Eysenek to explain criminal behaviour?

A

Genetics affect ability to be conditioned and the quality of conditioning affects how effective it will be.

55
Q

What are the main critiques of positivism?

A

It only focuses on street crime (completely ignores white-collar, environmental crime etc..), assumes there is a consensus of values and norms even though they change and not everyone agrees, ignores that humans can change and the sickness analogy can lead to circular reasoning, reducing complex issues to one single cause and giving too much credit to experts.

Criminology (9 decks)

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