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HSCI 160 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

A measure that informs about how many years an individual can expect to live with good health.

A

health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)

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2
Q

How to calculate HALE

A

years of ill health are weighted according to severity and subtracted from overall life expectancy

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3
Q

Health indicator that is most commonly used that measures the sum of years lost due to premature death and years lived with disability.

A

disability adjusted life year or DALY

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4
Q

How to calculate DALY

A

the difference between the age at which one dies and life expectancy

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5
Q

Why use DALY?

A

if only using life expectancy and mortality separately, then the world will look healthier then it actually is. This is because people can be unhealthy for a long time before dying

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6
Q

the probably about of years living in a given population

A

life table

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7
Q

Years of life lived with disability multiplied by the wight assigned to the condition

A

YLD years of life with disability

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8
Q

The amount of year are not lived due to premature death

A

years of life lost

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9
Q

Communicable, maternal, perinatal conditions and nutritional disorders

A

group 1 burdens

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10
Q

noncommunicable diseases

A

group 2 burdens

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11
Q

injuries

A

group 3 burdens

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12
Q

how much longer do women generally live?

A

5 years

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13
Q

who have mortality rates decreased for?

A

everyone, but especially under 5

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14
Q

What group burden of disease is increasing the most?

A

group 2

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15
Q

What has caused group 2 burden of diseases to be more common?

A

aging population and a reduction of communicable diseases

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16
Q

What country group have more group 1 causes, but more group 2 DALYs

A

low income countries

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17
Q

The pattern of deaths and DALYs in lower middle-income countries resembles which other group?

A

low income countries

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18
Q

upper middle income and high income countries are similar in what way (DALYs)

A

majority of deaths and DALYs are caused by noncommunicable disease

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19
Q

What is the most common group 1 disease in upper middle and high income countries

A

lower respiratory infections

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20
Q

What are group of disease dominate the causes of death for children under 5 in low income countries?

A

group 1 - communicable

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21
Q

What disease dominate the causes of death for children under 5 in all income groups?

A

lower respiratory conditions

22
Q

In low and lower middle income countries what are the causes of death for children age 5 to 14?

A

communicable diseases like malaria, HIV/AIDs, lower respiratory disease and tuberculosis

23
Q

What is the leading causes of death in lower income countries?

A

communicable diseases, just all of them

24
Q

what is the leading cause of death in lower middle income countries?

A

ischemic heart disease

25
Q

what is the leading cause of death in upper middle income countries?

A

Road injuries

26
Q

What is the learning cause of death in high income countries?

A

self-harm

27
Q

What is the issue when DALYs for females?

A

focuses too much on reproductive health

28
Q

Factors related to burn of disease that generally change DALYs for the worse

A

having a large rural population, being an ethnic minority, being female, being lower income, lack of education

29
Q

Three catagories of risk factors according to text book

A

behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic

30
Q

what are universal health risks?

A

high blood pressure, smoking, ambient particulate matter and obesity

31
Q

Where is most of the population growth taking place?

A

Asia and Africa

32
Q

The number of children born is equal to the number of people dying

A

replacement fertility

33
Q

Where is replacement fertility not taking place?

A

high income countries

34
Q

The ratio between people between the ages of 15 to 65 compared to those 65 or older

A

elderly support ratio

35
Q

Why is the elderly support ratio matter?

A

indicates the number of people to finance and support those who cannot work anymore due to noncommunicable diseases.

36
Q

Over how many years has the population of the world lived in urban areas?

A

15 years

37
Q

The difference in population pyramids between two countries

A

demographic divide

38
Q

What is the demographic divide between high income and low income countries?

A

high income countries have lower fertility rate and lower income countries have a higher fertility rate

39
Q

The shift in demographic trends from a pattern of high fertility and high mortality to low fertility and low morality

A

demographic transition

40
Q

What is the trend of demographic transition as a country becomes more develop?

A

as countries become more developed they go from high fertility and mortality to high fertility and low mortiality and finally low fertility and low mortality

41
Q

Why does the demographic transition change?

A

improvements in quality of life and health care results in less children dying so less children are born

42
Q

The transition of the reason people die

A

epidemiological transition

43
Q

What are the stages of epidemiological transition?

A
  1. high morality related to poor health, famine and epidemics
  2. progressive declines in mortality a
  3. more declines in mortality and an increase in life expectancy
44
Q

What pattern of DALY changes can be observed with epidemological transitions

A

a shift from the majority of deaths being caused by communicable disease to noncommunicable diseases

45
Q

What progresses in health status have occurred?

A

increase of life expectancy in the whole world, but it has been increasing in some places faster then others

46
Q

factors that influence the burden of disease

A

economic development, scientific and technological change, climate change, political stability, and emerging infectious diseases

46
Q

A factor that helps a government invest in the improvement of health, sanitation, hygiene, food security, and education

A

economic development

47
Q

Advancements with vaccines, drugs and therapies, so far, have only helped the developed world and requires more advancements to help others.

A

scientific and technological change

48
Q

A factor that alters the environment and can change food security and weather conditions

A

climate change

49
Q

A factor that can change the amount of investments in health care and disabilities.

A

political stability

50
Q
A

HSCI 160 (7 decks)

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