Chapter 3

Question 1

What is Reliability?

Answer 1

-consistency of measurement (scores/responses)
-degree to which a test or procedure yields the same results repeatedly under the same circumstances
-the greater the reliability the better

Question 2

What are the 3 types of reliability?

Answer 2

-test-retest
-interrater
-internal consistency

Question 3

What is Test-Retest reliability?

Answer 3

-test produces similar results when given at two different points in time

Question 4

What is Interrater reliability?

Answer 4

-two or more raters/judges who administer a test to an individual and come to similar conclusions

Question 5

What is Internal Consistency reliability?

Answer 5

-various parts of measure yield similar on consistent results
-are the questions on the test measuring the same thing?

Question 6

What is Validity?

Answer 6

-extent to which a tool measures what it is supposed to measure
-accuracy, match with “truth”

Question 7

What are the 3 types of validity?

Answer 7

-predictive
-construct
-content

Question 8

What is Predictive validity?

Answer 8

-how well a test anticipated a person’s behaviour or response

Question 9

What is Construct validity?

Answer 9

-how well a test or measure relates to the characteristics or disorder in question

Question 10

What is Content validity?

Answer 10

-how well a test measures what it is intended to measure; test assesses all important aspects of phenomenon

Question 11

What is Standardization and ways of standardizing?

Answer 11

-administering tests or conducting interviews in the same way for everyone
-ways of standardizing: procedures scoring; interpretation

Question 12

What is a Standardization sample?

Answer 12

-group of people who initially took the measure; performance is used as standard or norm for comparison
-test takers should be similar to the standardization sample for test to be valid

Question 13

What is a Psychological Assessment?

Answer 13

-gathering and integrating information about a person in order to form a judgment/impression
-such as traits, skills, abilities, emotional function, and psychological symptoms

Question 14

What do psychological assessments help us do?

Answer 14

-help us predict course of disorder or future functioning
-help us plan for treatment
-help us monitor treatment progress

Question 15

What is Evidence-Based Assessment?

Answer 15

-select assessment measures based on extensive criteria (reliability/validity)
-use of multiple methods of assessment
-assessment that is developmentally and culturally sensitive
-assess strengths and weaknesses of individual and context(s)
-monitoring symptom change over time

Question 16

What are the main assessment methods?

Answer 16

-interviews
-observations
-mental status exams
-psychological tests and inventories
-biological tests (neuropsychological measures; brain imaging/neurological tests; psychophysiological measures)

Question 17

How do interviews work?

Answer 17

-trained clinician interviews the client or other informants
-observe client and collect data about the person’s life history, current situation, and personality

Question 18

What are the types of interviews?

Answer 18

-structured: standardized questions; highly controlled; high reliability; used to diagnose
-unstructured: can ask any questions (follow-up); more flexibility; less reliable

Question 19

What are the domains of interest of interviews?

Answer 19

-current and historical symptoms
-recent events or major life changes
-developmental and family history
-medical history
-socio-cultural factors
-occupational history
-treatment history
-strengths
-treatment goals

Question 20

How many clinicians use structured interviews and why?

Answer 20

-only 15% of therapists use structured diagnostic interviews, but 63% think they would be helpful
Why?
-clinical intuition is better (37%)
-they take too long (34%)
-they disturb the relationship with the patient (32%)

Question 21

What do clients think about structured interviews?

Answer 21

-78.5% of patients found structured interview helpful
-86.7% of patients found relationship with interviewer positive

Question 22

What did clinicians expect clients’ satisfaction to be?

Answer 22

-clinicians expected clients to report average satisfaction level at 49.41
-clients reported average satisfaction of 86.55
-also reported that relationship was better than clinicians anticipated they would

Question 23

What are Behavioural Observations like?

Answer 23

-naturalistic or controlled
-highly structured/specific or less formal
-functional analysis (ABC; antecedent, behaviour, consequence)

Question 24

What is the Mental Status Exam?

Answer 24

-objective: evaluate a client’s cognitive, psychological, and behavioural functioning
-trained clinician make judgements about appropriateness and quality of responses
-subjective and one’s cultural background can influence the assessment (eye contact, posture)

Question 25

What are general descriptions the Mental Status Exam looks at?

Answer 25

-appearance
-mood and affect
-speech
-thought process, thought content, memory
-judgment and insight

Question 26

What are psychological tests and inventories?

Answer 26

-standardized tools
-measure characteristics such as personality, social skills, intellectual abilities, vocational interests
-scores are compared with norms

Question 27

What are 3 types of psychological tests and inventories?

Answer 27

-projective tests
-self-report inventories
-intelligence tests

Question 28

What are Projective Tests?

Answer 28

-present standard, ambiguous stimuli
-assumes that people faced with an ambiguous stimulus will “project” their own needs, personality, conflicts
-reliability and validity mixed
-analysis and interpretation of responses subject to wide variation

Question 29

What are 4 different types of Projective Tests?

Answer 29

-Rorschach Inkblot Test
-Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
-Sentence-completion test
-Draw-a-person test (children)

Question 30

What are Self-Report Inventories?

Answer 30

-questionnaires meant to assess people’s typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
-self-report or observe-report
-group norms

Question 31

What are 2 examples of self-report inventories?

Answer 31

-Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - 3 (MMPI-3)
-Behavioural Assessment System for Children (BASC)

Question 32

What are the limitations of self-report inventories?

Answer 32

-fixed number of answer choices
-response bias or response style
-interpretations of the responses of people from different cultural groups may be inaccurate
-cultural factors may shape the way a trait or characteristic is viewed

Question 33

What are Intelligence Tests?

Answer 33

-standardized tests with norms
-obtain intelligence quotient (IQ), or current level of cognitive functioning
-also used in learning disorder, intellectual disability, intellectually giftedness, and ADHD assessments

Question 34

What are some common intelligence tests?

Answer 34

-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)
-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)
-Standford-Binet Intelligence Test (SB5)

Question 35

What are some limitations of intelligence tests?

Answer 35

-cultural bias in tests
-does not capture all intelligence

Question 36

What are Biological Tests?

Answer 36

-measures of brain and physical function
–neuropsychological
–brain imaging/neurological tests
–psychophysiological

Question 37

What is Neurological Assessment?

Answer 37

-indirect measures of brain and physical function
-tests developed to assess behavioural disturbances caused by brain dysfunctions

Question 38

What are 2 types of neurological assessment?

Answer 38

-Bender-Gestalt Visual-Motor Test: copying geometric designs; certain errors are characteristics of neurological impairment
-Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: differentiates patients with brain damage

Question 39

What are brain imaging/neurological tests?

Answer 39

-directly measuring brain structure or physiological processes in the brain

Question 40

What are the types of structural imaging?

Answer 40

-Computerized axial tomography (CT)
-Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (better resolution but more expensive)

Question 41

What are the types of functional imaging?

Answer 41

-Electroencephalograph (EEG)
-Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
-Positron emission tomography (PET)
-Single photon emission computes tomography (SPECT)
-Functional MRI (fMRI)
-Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

Question 42

What is a psychophysiological assessment?

Answer 42

-measure autonomic nervous system activity (heart rate, muscle tension, blood flow)
-assessments are not sensitive enough to be used for diagnosis
-electrodermal responding: skin conductance (sweating)

Question 43

What are the purposes of diagnoses?

Answer 43

-communication: providers understand what the label means
-prognosis: label communicated information about future progression
-treatment planning: labels may help guide treatment choices
-practical reasons (insurance)
-relief to individual suffering from diagnosis: help provide recognition and understanding of symptoms
-facilitate research: defines participant group

Question 44

Could diagnoses be harmful?

Answer 44

-Rosenhan: 12 pseudopatients went to psychiatric hospitals with “auditory hallucinations; 11 got diagnosed with schizophrenia (categorization harmful)
-Holm-Denoma: proper diagnostic feedback was beneficial to clients and improved positive emotions

Question 45

Holm-Denoma et al?

Question 46

What are the 2 approaches to classification?

Answer 46

-categorical approach
-dimensional approach

Question 47

What is the categorical approach?

Answer 47

-category is based on theory of etiology or identified disease processes
-each disorder fundamentally different, non-overlapping
-have it or don’t have it

Question 48

What is a pro and con of the categorical approach?

Answer 48

-pro: clear criterias
-con: some symptoms overlap so there could be misdiagnosis

Question 49

What is the dimensional approach?

Answer 49

-cognitions, moods, behaviours represented by dimensions
-disorders reside on a continuum from normal to severe forms of a disorder

Question 50

What are pros and cons of the dimensional approach?

Answer 50

-pros: can reduce stigma; could have less cultural bias
-cons: how di we apply this in practice? need a cutoff; impractical

Question 51

What is the DSM classification system?

Answer 51

-diagnostic and statistical manual - 5th edition
-categorical approach
-specific diagnostic criteria for each disorder

Question 52

What are the controversies and limitations of DSM?