Chapter 3

Question 1

Lexical approach

Answer 1

the approach deterring the fundamental personality traits by analyzing language. Ex: a trait adjective that has more synonyms probably represents a more fundamental trait than one with less

Question 2

Statistical approach

Answer 2

Having a large number of people rate themselves on certain items, and then employing a statistical procedure to identify groups or clusters of items that go together. The goal of this procedure is to identify the major dimensions or “coordinates” of the personality map.

Question 3

Theoretical approach

Answer 3

An approach to identifying important dimensions of individual differences that start with a theory, which then determines which variables are more important. It dictates in a specific manner which are important to measure

Question 4

Lexical hypothesis

Answer 4

The basis of the lexical approach, the important individual differences have become encoded within natural language. Over ancestral time, the differences between people that were imortant were noticed and words were invented to communicate about those differences.

Question 5

Synonym frequency

Answer 5

In the lexical approach, if an attribute has 6-10 words to describe it then it is a more important dimension of individual difference

Question 6

Cross-cultural universality

Answer 6

In the lexical approach, if a trait is sufficiently important in all cultures that it’s members have codified terms within our language to describe the trait then the trust must be universally important in human affairs.

Question 7

Factor analysis

Answer 7

A commonly used statistical procedure for identifying underlying structure in personality rating or items. Ex: Finding similarities and differences across that group together, etc.

Question 8

Factor loadings

Answer 8

Indexes of how much variation in an item is “explained” by the factor. Factor loadings indicate the degree to which the item correlates with or “loads on” the underlying factor.

Question 9

Sociosexual orientation

Answer 9

Gangstad and Simpson theory: men and women will pursue one of two alternative sexual relationship strategies. The first mating strategy entails seeking a single committed relationship, characterized by monogamy and tremendous investment in children. The second sexual strategy is characterized by a greater degree of promiscuity , more partner-switching, and less investment in children.

Question 10

Taxonomy

Answer 10

A technical name given to a classification scheme – the identification and naming of groups within a particular subject feild

Question 11

Interpersonal traits

Answer 11

What people do to, and with each other. They include temperament traits, such as nervous, gloomy, sluggish, and excitable. Character traits, such as moral principles, dishonest. Material traits, such as misery or stingy. Attitude traits, such as poise and spiritual. Mental traits, such as clever, logical and perceptive. And physical traits, such as healthy and tough

Question 12

Agency

Answer 12

Tendency towards dominance, competence, and assertiveness. Motive to get ahead.

Question 13

Communion

Answer 13

The tendency towards interpersonal relatedness, warmth and caring behavior. Motive to get along.

Question 14

adjacency

Answer 14

In the Wiggins circumflex model, it indicates how close the traits are to each other on the circumference of the circle complex. Those variables that are adjacent, or next to each other within the model or positively correlated.

Question 15

BIPOLARITY

Answer 15

in the Wiggins circumplex model,
Traits located at opposite sides of the circle are negatively correlated with each other. Specifying that bipolarity is used because nearly every interpersonal trait within the personality sphere has another trait that it is opposite.

Question 16

Orthogonality

Answer 16

Discussed in terms of circumflex models, specifies that traits that are perpendicular to each other on the model ( at 90° of separation, or at right angles to each other ) are unrelated to each other. In general, the term orthogonal is used to describe a zero correlation between traits.

Question 17

The five factor

Answer 17

The trait taxonomy that has received the most attention and support from personality, researchers. Also known as the big five, it consist of extroversion neuroticism agreeableness , conscientiousness and openness to experience.

Question 18

Extroversion

Answer 18

The first fundamental personality trait in the five factor model, consisting of talkative, extrovertive, assertive, adventurous, open social forward an outspoken.

Question 19

Agreeableness

Answer 19

The second of the personality traits in the five factor model, consisting of good-natured, cooperative, mild and gentle, and not jealous 

Question 20

Conscientiousness

Answer 20

The third of the personality traits in the five factor model, such as responsible, scrupulous, preserving, and fussy and tidy.

Question 21

Neuroticism/emotional instability

Answer 21

A dimension of personality present in some form, and every major trait, theory of personality, including the five factor model, such as moody, touchy, irritable, anxious, unstable, pessimistic, and complaining

Question 22

Openness to experience

Answer 22

The fifth personality trait in the five factor model, such as creative, imaginative and intellectual, those who rate high on openness remember their dreams more and have vivid prophetic and problem-solving dreams.

Question 23

Combinations of the big five variables

Answer 23

Traits are often examined in combinations. For example, two people in extroversion would be different. If one were an extroverted neurotic, and the other were extroverted, but emotionally stable.

Question 24

Personality, descriptive nouns

Answer 24

As described by Socier, nouns differ in their content, emphasis from personality, taxonomy’s based on adjectives and may be more precise in 2003 saucers, work on personality nouns he discovered eight factors, including dumbbell, babe/cutie, philosopher, lawbreaker, joker, and jock

Question 25

Honesty – humility

Answer 25

A trait included in the hexo model of personality, which describes tendencies to be honest, sincere, trustworthy, and unselfish.

Question 26

HEXACO model

Answer 26

I recently propose taxonomy a personality that describes six key traits, extending the five factor model, honesty- humility, emotionality, extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience.

Question 27

Dark triad

Answer 27

A cluster of malevolent and socially problematic personality traits, including Machiavelliamism, narcissism and subclinical psychopathy

Question 28

Machiavelliamism

Answer 28

One of the traits contained in the dark triad, a manipulative strategy or social interaction, referring to the tendency to use other people as tools for personal gain. A person like this will tend to tell people what they want to hear. Use flattery to get what they want, and rely heavily on lying deception to achieve their own ends.

Question 29

Narcissism

Answer 29

One of the traits contained in the dark tetrad, a style of inflated self admiration, accompanied by tendencies towards grandiosity entitlement, dominance, and superiority. A person like this involves excessive attention, seeking behaviour demonstrated by constant attempts to keep others focussed on oneself although narcissism can be carried to extremes. Narcissistic tendencies can be found in normal range levels. The narcissism trait is distinct from narcissistic personality disorder.

Question 30

Subclinical psychopathy

Answer 30

One of the traits contained in the dark tetrad, the tendency towards high impulsivity and thrillseeking behavior, along with low empathy and anxiety, which are associated with selfish and antisocial behavior. It is distinct from antisocial personality disorder. It is described as sub, clinical in the dark triad model to indicate a more normal range.

Question 31

Dispositional sadism

Answer 31

One of the traits in the dark tetrad, the tendency to gain enjoyment from hurting others. It can occur directly as an actual, causing pain or displeasure in others, or vicariously through watching movies are playing video games.

Question 32

Dark tetrad

Answer 32

And expanded version of the dark triad. This cluster of malevolent personality traits includes all the other ones plus dispositional sadism.