chapter 2

Question 1

Self Report Data

Answer 1

Information about personality that a person reveals about themselves

Question 2

Unstructured

Answer 2

open-ended/unstructured questions in self report data that allow respondent to answer anyway they want.

Question 3

structured

Answer 3

questions in self report data that limit set of answers availible for indivisual

Question 4

Likert-type scale

Answer 4

common rating scale from 0-4 (strongly dissagree, disaagree, niether, agreee, stringly agree

Question 5

experience sampling

Answer 5

people answer a set of questions everyday for several weeks or longer. it detects pattern of behavior over time.

Question 6

Observer report data

Answer 6

The impressions and evaluations others make of a person. Gathers info through other people(observers) about ones personality

Question 7

Inter-rater reliability

Answer 7

The use of many observers on ones personality. If everyone agrees and comes to a consensus the data is at a high reliability.

Question 8

multiple social personalities

Answer 8

the way that our personalities vary from one social situation to another.

Question 9

naturalistic observation

Answer 9

observing and recording events of an indivisual in there normal course of day/life. Can be more realistic

Question 10

Test Data

Answer 10

a common source of perosnlity data where an indisual takes a lil test.

Question 11

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer 11

Imaging techniques that can see specific areas of brain activity.

Question 12

projective Techniques

Answer 12

the inkblot test, some one is asked to interpret something visually that they see.

Question 13

Life outcome data

Answer 13

info that can be collected from different events, activities, outcomes, or records that are avaible for public scrutiny. such as speeding tickets or prison or even clubs omg and even divorce.

Question 14

reliability

Answer 14

the degree of which the trait measured (ex: introversion) actually represents the true level of said trait.

Question 15

repeated measurement

Answer 15

remeasuring something to see if its reliable.

Question 16

response sets (noncontent responding)

Answer 16

tendency of participants not responding to questions as they should be.
ex: only agreeing with questions

Question 17

Acquiescence

Answer 17

a participant that is agreeing with all questions even if its not true.

Question 18

extreme responding

Answer 18

a response set that is dramatic and mostly uses strongly agree or strongly disagree

Question 19

social desirability

Answer 19

the tendency to answer questions based on social attrictveness or likablitity. (good impressions, good citizen)

Question 20

Forced Choice questionnaire

Answer 20

test takers are confronted with pairs of statments and are asked to indicate which is more true to them. Usually being either both 2 social desirability or 2 undesirable.

Question 21

validity

Answer 21

the extent in which a test measures what it claims to measure.

Question 22

face validity

Answer 22

wether the test on the surface measures what it appears to measure.

Question 23

criterion/perdictive validity

Answer 23

wether a test predicts criteria external to the test

Question 24

convergent validity

Answer 24

wether a test correlates with other measures that it should correlate with

Question 25

discriminant validity

Answer 25

what a measure should not correlate with

Question 26

construct validity

Answer 26

a test that measures what it claims to measure, correlates what its supposed to correlate with

Question 27

theoretical constructs

Answer 27

hypothetical internal entities useful in describing and explaining differences between people.

Question 28

generalizability

Answer 28

the degree to which a measure retains its validity across different contexts

Question 29

experimental methods

Answer 29

typically used to determine wether one variable influences another(causlity)

Question 30

manipulation

Answer 30

researchers conducting experiments use manipulation in order to evaluate the influence of one variable(the manipulated/independant) on another(the dependant)

Question 31

random assignment

Answer 31

the random selection of participants in an experiment to differnt groups to ensure equivilancey

Question 32

counterbalancing

Answer 32

in some experiments maniulation is within a single group, ex: participants take a drug to get memory tested but then later only take a sugar pill.

Question 33

statistically significant

Answer 33

the probability of finding the results of a study by chance alone. The generally accepted level of statistical significance is 5 percent, meaning it would have to 5 times in the experiment out of 100 of experimented.

Question 34

correlational method

Answer 34

a statistical procedure for determining wether there is a relationship between 2 variables. a researcher is tryng to see the realtionship between 2 variables without manipuation!!!!!

Question 35

correlation coefficeient

Answer 35

researchers are interested in the direction (positive or negative) and magnitude (size) of a correlation coeffecient. ex: 0.1 = small, 0.3 = medium, 0.5 = large by cohen

Question 36

directionality problem

Answer 36

one reason correlations can never prove the relationship between cause and effect(causality). If Aand B are correlated, we do not know if A is the cause of B or vise versa or if an unknown variable is causing both(third party variable).

Question 37

third variable problem

Answer 37

one reason why correlations can never prove casuality could be the two variables are correlated because of some third unknown variable.

Question 38

replication

Answer 38

repeating a research study with differnt participants, settings, or situations in order to gain confidence of the studys original findings. slay.

Question 39

meta analysis

Answer 39

a quantitive process for examining conclusions across studies and integrating results so that they can be better understood collectively rather than indivuslly. (COMBINING STUDIES THAT ARE SIMILAR RESULTS)

Question 40

Case study method

Answer 40

examining the life of a person in depth, which provides researchers insights into personality that can be used to formulate a more general theory that is tested in a larger population. Can provide indepth knowldge of an indivisual who is really cool (photogrphic memory slay)

Question 41

Independent variable

Answer 41

variable that stands alone and isn’t changed by the other variables you are trying to measure. Ex: someone’s age

Question 42

Dependant variable

Answer 42

the variable that changes as a result of the independent variable manipulation